Mobile & Pervasive

Computing
Revision Notes
Project Aura
Goals and Functioning in Real-world Scenarios
Example Projects : Project Aura (1)
Aura (Carnegie Mellon University)
Distraction-free (Invisible) Ubiquitous Computing.

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Example Projects : Project Aura (2)
Moores Law Reigns Supreme
Processor density
Processor speed
Memory capacity
Disk capacity Human Attention
Memory cost
...

Glaring Exception
Human Attention
Adam & Eve 2000 AD
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Example Projects : Project Aura (3)
Aura Thesis:
The most precious resource in computing is human attention.

Aura Goals:
Reduce user distraction.
Trade-off plentiful resources of Moores law for human attention.
Achieve this scalably for mobile users in a failure-prone, variable-resource
environment.

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Example Projects : Project Aura (4)
The Airport Scenario

Jane wants to send e-mail from

the airport before her flight
leaves.
She has several large enclosures
She is using a wireless interface

She has many options.

Simply send the e-mail
Is there enough bandwidth?
Compress the data first
Will that help enough?
Pay extra to get reserved
bandwidth
Are reservations available?
Send the diff relative to older file
Are the old versions around?
Walk to a gate with more
bandwidth
Where is there enough
bandwidth?

How do we choose automatically? 6

Example Projects : Project Aura (5)
The Mobile Task Scenario

Aura saves Scotts task.

Scott enters office and gets
strong authentication and
secure access.
Aura restores Scotts task on
desktop machine and uses a
large display.
Scott controls application by
voice.
Bradley enters room.
Bradley gets weak
authentication, Scotts access
changes to insecure.
Aura denies voice access to
sensitive email application.
Scott has multi-modal control of
PowerPoint application.
Aura logs Scott out when he7
leaves the room.
Context in Pervasive
Computing
Context and its representation in Pervasive Computing
Context aware computing
Current Systems
Generally using position and identification
of objects
Still do not provide a complete context
Definition of context is limited
Research areas
Context toolkits
Toolkit for sensing environment
Explicit use of sensed information is up to
program
What is context?
How is context represented?

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What
Who
is context?
Currently generally tailored to one user
How important are others in determining our behavior
How could this be captured?
What
Attempt to figure out what is currently happening
Sense environment, use calendar software etc.
Where
Location based information, e.g., GPS
Most explored context information
When
Easily obtained information -- Computer is good at
remembering time
Although determining when one event stops and another begins is not
easy
Why
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Even harder than the what question, biometric sensors might
help (e.g., body temperature, heart rate, etc)
Toward context aware
computing
Context representation
Requires universal context schemes or
toolkits with standard context
representations
Context sensing and fusion
How to make context-aware computing
ubiquitous?
In practice, there are few truly ubiquitous,
single-source context services
E.g., GPS does not work indoors; different
indoor localization schemes have different
characteristics (e.g., cost, range)
Like sensor fusion, context fusion handles
seamless handling of sensing responsibility
between boundaries of different context
services
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Combining multiple context sources can
increase the accuracy of context
Pervasive Computing
Gadgets
Active Badge, Pill-Cam, Smart Dust
Other Scenarios
The Active Badge
This harbinger of inch-scale computers
contains a small microprocessor and an
infrared transmitter.

The badge broadcasts the identity of its

wearer and so can trigger automatic
doors, automatic telephone forwarding
and computer displays customized to each
person reading them.

The active badge and other networked

tiny computers are called tabs.

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Other Scenarios
The Active Badge

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Other Scenarios
Edible computers:
The pill-cam
Miniature camera
Diagnostic device
It is swallowed

Try this with an

ENIAC computer!

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Other Scenarios
Smart Dust
Nano computers
that couple:
Sensors
Computing
Communication

Grids of motes
(nano
computers)

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Pervasive Computing in
5G Communication
How 5G will accommodate Pervasive Machine Type Communication
(MTC)
5G Promises
5G (5th Generation mobile networks or 5th
Generation wireless systems) denotes the next
major phase of telecommunications standards
aiming to provide:
Data rates of several tens of megabits per second for
tens of thousands of users
1 Gigabit per second to be offered simultaneously to
tens of workers on the same office floor
Several hundreds of thousands of simultaneous
connections to be supported for massive sensor
deployments
Spectral efficiency should be significantly enhanced
compared to 4G
Coverage should be improved
Signaling efficiency should be enhanced
Latency should be reduced significantly compared to LTE

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5G Requirements
Requirements are based
on the operator vision of
5G in 2020 as well as
beyond 2020.
As such, not all the
requirements will need
to be satisfied in 2020.

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User Requirements
User Experience KPIs

Guaranteed user Capable of human
data rate oriented terminals

50Mb/s 20 billion

Aggregate service
Capable of IoT reliability
terminals

99.999%
1 trillion

Accuracy of outdoor
Mobility support at terminal location
speed
500km/h
for ground
transportation
1 meter

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 Use case category Connection Density Traffic Density
Broadband access in dense areas 200-2500 /km2 DL: 750 Gbps / km2 UL: 125 Gbps /
km2
Indoor ultra-high broadband access 75,000 / km 2 DL: 15 Tbps/ km2

System Requirements (75/1000 m2 office) (15 Gbps / 1000 m2)

UL: 2 Tbps / km2
(2 Gbps / 1000 m2)
Broadband access in a crowd 150,000 / km2 DL: 3.75 Tbps / km2
(30.000 / stadium) (DL: 0.75 Tbps / stadium)
System Performance KPIs UL: 7.5 Tbps / km2
(1.5 Tbps / stadium)
50+ Mbps everywhere 400 / km2 in suburban DL: 20 Gbps / km2 in suburban
UL: 10 Gbps / km2 in suburban
DL: 5 Gbps / km2 in rural
100 / km2 in rural
UL: 2.5 Gbps / km2 in rural
Ultra-low cost broadband access for low ARPU areas 16 / km 2 16 Mbps / km 2

Mobile broadband in vehicles (cars, trains) 2000 / km2 DL: 100 Gbps / km2
(500 active users per train x 4 (25 Gbps per train, 50 Mbps per car)
trains, UL: 50 Gbps / km2
or 1 active user per car x 2000 cars) (12.5 Gbps per train, 25 Mbps per car)
Airplanes connectivity 80 per plane DL: 1.2 Gbps / plane
60 airplanes per 18,000 km 2 UL: 600 Mbps / plane

Massive low-cost/long-range/low-power MTC Up to 200,000 / km 2 Non critical

Broadband MTC See the requirements for the Broadband access in dense areas and
50+Mbps everywhere categories
Ultra-low latency Not critical Potentially high
Resilience and traffic surge 10,000 / km 2 Potentially high
Ultra-high reliability & Ultra-low latency* Not critical Potentially high
(*) the reliability requirement for this category is
described in Section 4.4.5
Ultra-high availability & reliability* Not critical Potentially high
(*) the reliability requirement for this category is
described in Section 4.4.5
Broadcast like services Not relevant Not relevant

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Device Requirements
Smart devices in the 5G era will grow in
capability and complexity as both the
hardware and software, and particularly the
operating system will continue to evolve.
They may also in some cases become active
relays to other devices, or support network
controlled device-to-device communication.
Greater Operator Controlled Capabilities on
Devices
Multi-Band-Multi-Mode Support in Devices
(with global roaming capability)
Device Power Efficiency (3 days for a
smartphone, and up to 15 years for MTC)
Greater Resource and Signaling Efficiency

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Applications of Internet of
Things
Internet of Things

Internet of Things
From Research and
Innovation to
Market Deployment
http://www.interne
t-of-things-resear
ch.eu/pdf/IoT-From
%20Research%20and%
20Innovation%20to%
20Market%20Deploym
ent_IERC_Cluster_e
Book_978-87-93102-
Internet of Things
Connected Devices across industries
 The Application of
IoT(1)
Regional Office Biosensor worn by people

House Network Equipment

in public
place

Transportation Vehicle Virtual Environment

The Application of IoT(2)
Scenario: shopping

(2) When shopping in the

market, the goods will
introduce themselves.

(1) When entering the doors,

scanners will identify the tags
on her clothing.

(4) When paying for the goods,

the microchip of the credit card
will communicate with checkout
reader.
(3) When moving the
goods, the reader will
tell the staff to put a
new one.
The Application of IoT(3)
Scenario: Health Care
Various sensors for
various conditions
Example ICP sensor: Short
or long term monitoring
of pressure in the brain
cavity
Implanted in the brain
cavity and senses the
increase of pressure
Sensor and associated
electronics encapsulated
in safe and biodegradable
material
External RF reader
powers the unit and
receives the signal
Stability over 30 days so
far
 The Application of IoT(3)
Scenario: Health Care
National Health Information
Network, Electronic Patient
Record
Home care: monitoring and
control
Pulse oximeters, blood glucose
monitors, infusion pumps,
accelerometers,
Operating Room of the Future
Closed loop monitoring and
control; multiple treatment
stations, plug and play devices;
robotic microsurgery
System coordination challenge
Progress in bioinformatics: gene,
protein expression, systems
biology, disease dynamics,
control mechanisms
 The Application of IoT(4)
Scenario: Intelligent Home
Remote monitor for smart
house
Remote control for smart
appliance
 The Application of
IoT(5)
Scenario: Transportation

A network of sensors set up throughout a vehicle

can interact with its surroundings to provide
valuable feedback on local roads, weather and
traffic conditions to the car driver, enabling
adaptive drive systems to respond accordingly
This may involve automatic activation of braking
systems or speed control via fuel management
systems. Condition and event detection sensors
can activate systems to maintain driver and
passenger comfort and safety through the use of
airbags and seatbelt pre-tensioning
Sensors for fatigue and mood monitoring based on
driving conditions, driver behaviour and facial
indicators can interact
to ensure safe driving by activating warning
systems
The Application of IoT(5)
Scenario: Transportation

In 2005, 30 90 processors per car

Engine control, Break system, Airbag deployment system
Windshield wiper, Door locks, Entertainment system

Cars are sensors and actuators in V2V

networks
Active networked safety alerts
Autonomous navigation

Future Transportation Systems

Incorporate both single person and mass transportation
vehicles, air and ground transportations.

Achieve efficiency, safety, stability using real-time control and

The Application of IoT(6)
Scenario : Monitoring the
Environment
MCQs
1) Smart Dust are Nano computers that couple Sensors, Computing and Communication [ T ]
2) Virtual Reality is about simulating physical world and putting people inside virtual worlds. [T]
3) "The most profound technologies are those that are visible to all.", Mark Weiser. [F]
4 "Active Badge System", is an advanced location computing system. [T]
5) Microsoft, Intel and Broadcom have now focused their research on Internet of Things. [T]
6) Context awareness require knowing about where the person is who requires information [T]
7) General purpose COTS hardware make Ubicomp implementation quite easy to deploy. [F]
8) The ultimate aim of ubiquitous computing is to make technology invisible to humans. [T]
9) Project OXYGEN is one of the famous Ubicomp project of MIT. [T]
10)Mobile computing envisions providing communication services under high speeds mobility. [ T ]
11) A pervasive computing system must recognize users state and surroundings [T]
12) The Smart Things Project make everyday objects smart information artifacts [F]
13) Communication. Sensors, ICs and Material Technologies are key enablers for Ubicomp. [T]
14) Ubicomp is a post-desktop model of computers integrated into everyday objects. [T]
15) Li-Fi flickers billions of times per second. [T]
16) Nomadic computing allows minimum mobility while connected to the infrastructure. [T]
17) Deployments are hard because of the unexpected things faced during testing in-Situ. [T]
18) Li-Fi is transmission of data through illumination using Lasers. [F]
19) The most precious resource in a computer system now is the hardware used [F]
20) Location services can track movement to within millimeters. [F]
References
Next Generation Mobile Networks
http://www.ngmn.org/fileadmin/ngmn/
content/images/news/ngmn_news/NGMN_
5G_White_Paper_V1_0.pdf
High Availability on Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_availa
bility
The METIS 2020 Project Laying the foundation of
5G
https://www.metis2020.com
EVARILOS EU Project
http://www.evarilos.eu/index.php
CREW EU Project
http://www.crew-project.eu/
5G: The Internet for Everyone and
Everything (NI)
http://www.ni.com/pdf/company/en/Trend_W
atch_5G.pdf
How 5G will Power the Future Internet of
Things - iQ by Intel
http://iq.intel.com/how-5g
-will-power-the-future-internet-of-things/
Broadcom Real-time Sports Location Tracking
Demo
http://www.broadcom.com/blog/wireless-techno
logy/video-demo-5g-wifi-enables-real-time-sp
orts-location-tracking/
Internet of Things at Broadcom
http://www.broadcom.com/application/interne
t_of_things.php
Broadcom WICED Forum
https://community.broadcom.com/community/wiced
-wifi
5G and Internet of Things (NOKIA)
http://networks.nokia.com/be/portfolio/latest-launc
hes/5g-and-internet-of-things
5G Technology Elements for Future Internet of
Things (Intel)
http://www.iots-workshop.com/slides/GC_2014_Io
TS_Workshop_Wu.pdf
IoTivity Open Source IoT Framework
https://www.iotivity.org/
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