Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRINCIPLES
4.0
Intro Definition and Causes of Fire
2
Fire How to
involving: Suppress:
Class A: Ordinary combustible
Use Water
materials such as
wood, cloth, paper,
rubber and plastics,
etc.
Class B: Flammable or Exclude air from
burning materials
combustible liquids,
flammable gases.
Class C: Energized electrical No Water; Use
electrically non-
equipment conductive
extinguishing agents
such as gaseous
Class D: Combustible metals systems
Heat-absorbing
such as potassium, medium which is
not reactive with
sodium, magnesium burning metals
and other reactive
metals
Intro Fire Growth
2
Stages
Temperature Time
Outlet to
open air
Outlet to
adjoining space
Enclosed
Area
Intro Fire Spread
2
Origin of Fire
Through Non-Fire
Rated Doors
Convection
Ignition of Materials
Currents
Ignition of Materials
Origin of Fire
Proximity of Buildings
Aims in
Fire Safety Design
A To prevent fire
This implies:
1. Life Risk Areas areas in which all occupants are ambulant and
able to move unaided away from a fire
- eg. Outpatient department; Service Zone
For Most Buildings
2. High Fire Risk Areas areas which, due to their function, are
For Hospitals
4. High Life Risk Areas areas in which persons may reside and
are not able to move unaided away from a fire.
- eg. Intensive Care Unit, Operating Department
Basic
PrinciplesFire Avoidance1
Fire Zoning (eg. Hospitals)
LEGEND:
LIFE RISK
HIGH LIFE RISK
HIGH FIRE RISK
HIGH FIRE LOAD
Basic
Fire Avoidance 1
Principles 2
Timber Glass
- combustible - standard float,
- little loss of toughened and laminated
strength as charcoal glass panes do not provide
formed insulates any fire resistance
wood core - monolithic fire-rated
- spreads flames glass is available
Basic
Fire Avoidance 1
Principles 2
1
Knowledge on Fire Load
the amount of material which is able
to burn and release heat and smoke
Lounge
Patient Room
Sto
Patient Room
Nurse Station
Basic
PrinciplesFire Detection2
Visual Fire Detection
Dry Chemical extinguishers are usually rated for multiple purpose use. They
contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-flammable gas as a
propellant
Halon extinguishers contain a gas that interrupts the chemical reaction that takes
place when fuels burn. These types of extinguishers are often used to protect
valuable electrical equipment since them leave no residue to clean up. Halon
extinguishers have a limited range, usually 1.2 to 1.8 meters. The initial application
of Halon should be made at the base of the fire, even after the flames have been
extinguished
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) extinguishers are most effective on Class B and C (liquids
and electrical) fires. Since the gas disperses quickly, these extinguishers are only
effective from 1.0 to 2.4 feet. The carbon dioxide is stored as a compressed liquid
in the extinguisher; as it expands, it cools the surrounding air. The cooling will often
cause ice to form around the horn where the gas is expelled from the
extinguisher. Since the fire could re-ignite, continue to apply the agent even after
the fire appears to be out
Basic
Fire Growth Restriction3
Principles
Mechanical Means of
6
Restricting Fire Growth
Sprinkler Specifications:
Sub-Compartment
Compartment
Fire-Rated
Surface
4 6
Gypsum Walls
1 Hour 2 Hour
Wood Steel Wood Steel
STEEL
12mm gypsum wallboard 12mm gypsum wallboard RUNNERS
applied to drywall resilient applied to drywall furring 12mm
3-16mm FIRE
furring channels 600mm O.C. channels. Furring channels 25mm RATED
and nailed to wood joists 600mm O.C., attached with PANELS
400mm O.C. Wood joists 18 gauge wire ties open web 35mm x 22mm
ANGLE
supporting 25mm T&G finish steel joists 600mm O.C. WIRE MESH
RUNNER
floor. supporting rib metal lath on 28 CORNER
gauge corrugated steel and REINFORCEMENT
62mm concrete slab.
Basic
Fire Containment4
Principles
3
Fire Rating of Construction Systems
Door Openings For 1.2m X 3.0m single hollow metal doors (ga.20 steel face), with
labeled single-point or 3-point latching hardware, steel hinges or pivots
125mm
min
1.370m 0.83m
max max
Access Road
CUL-DE-SAC
W
30m> DEAD END
Fire apparatus should have Bollards and fences used for traffic
control must allow for sufficient Prevent time-consuming, hazardous
unobstructed access to
open road width for fire truck back-ups at dead-ends by using T-
buildings.
turns and cul-de-sacs
MAX. 90 METERS
FIRE HYDRANT
0.3m
SIAMESE
CONNECTION
Place hydrants at max. 3 meters Hydrant must be Utility poles, kiosks, sculpture,
from curb. Siamese connection unobstructed; Fire hose fountains, plant boxes can impede
to standpipes must be visible connection should be at fire rescue operations
and within 60m from hydrant least 0.3m above grade
Basic
Principles Fire Control 5
Firetrucks
Aerial Apparatus
Specifications:
33 m
26 m
22 m
30 m.
25 m.
20 m.
.
.
75 (safe 75 75
angle)
Fire-rated
doors
Basic
PrinciplesSmoke Control6
2
Definition and Techniques
Measures which can assist to some extent
occupants in the fire zone but are particularly
needed for others in adjacent areas or
compartments.
Venting
Techniques of Smoke
Control
Extraction of Smoke
Ceiling Reservoir a. SMOKE CONTAINMENT/
BARRIER technique of
Smoke Plume restricting the movement of
smoke by the provision of fire
resisting elements.
Shop
b. SMOKE DISPERSAL
Mall
Smoke Barrier technique of clearing smoke
locally by provision of natural
Make Up Air cross-ventilation or mechanical
venting.
Basic
PrinciplesSmoke Control6
2
Definition and Techniques
c. PRESSURIZATION technique whereby air is blown into
spaces which are designed to be kept clear of smoke.
High
Uses barriers including Pressure
walls, floors and
doors, to contain Low
Pressure
pressurized air
generated by
mechanical means to
keep smoke away
from protected areas
such as escape
staircases and
corridors.
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
Definition
Cover a range of passive or active systems which
permit the occupants to move or be moved to a
place of safety within or to the outside of a building.
CORRIDOR SYSTEM:
direct, not tortuous
simple lay-out
no barriers, cul-de-sacs, bottlenecks
doors open out, not in
easily detectible, not hidden from view
FIRE ESCAPE:
fire escape stairs designed to be used daily for familiarity
of escape route
well-maintained (not used as storage of junk)
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
1
Protected Escape Routes
To provide safety, This can be Escape Route Leading to:
the routes must achieved by: Protected Escape
be properly Route
- Compartmentation
protected from Place of Safety Place of Safety
Stairway
Protected escape routes are designed in such a Enclosure
way that they lead to a place of safety, and once Place of Safety
inside the occupants are safe from the immediate Place of Safety
danger from fire and smoke.
c. Protected Stairway Enclosure
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
1
Alternative Means of Escape
Place of Place of
Safety Safety
exit courtyard
Alternative
Means of Escape subcomp-
compart- subcomp-
-Doors should be as far ment artment
artment
as possible from each
other; preferably on courtyard
opposite walls Access through
-Both doors should not
subcomp-
Courtyards
open into the same
subcomp- artment
compartment artment
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
1
Design of Fire Resisting Doors
Additional width
to allow for door
swing
Reqd.
width
of
escape
route
Desig
n
width
90 90 min
min
Desig
n
width
Basic
Escape Provisions7
Principles
Primary Considerations in the
Design for FIRE Safety
of Hospitals 1
END