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2 Lagrangian
Eulerian
 2 Lagrangian Eulerian

1
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2 Lagrangian
,
3
4 Lagrangian
,
5
6 Eulerian
,
 1
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 1

Lagrangian

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Lagrangian
1. Lagrangian
Lagrangian
X Lagrangian TL
2. Eulerian
Eulerian x
Lagrangian UL

TL
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UL

TL
UL
UL
TL

TL UL
TL UL

 1


TL
Eulerian UL
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ODEs




 2 Lagrangian

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 2 Lagrangian

2.2 TL
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( X , t)

 2 Lagrangian
Lagrangian
x ( X , t) X Xa, Xb
( X , t)
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X ( X ,0)

u ( X , t ) ( X , t ) X u x X
x
F
X X
 2 Lagrangian
Jacobian Ax

A0 X
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x A FA
J J0 1
X A0 A0
u x
( X , t) 1 F ( X , t) 1
X X

T
Cauchy
A

T
P
A0

 2 Lagrangian

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1.
2.
3.
4. -
5.

 2 Lagrangian

Lagrangian
x A FA
J
J 0 J 0 X A0 A0
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J0 1
FA 0 A0
P Lagrangian (
)
( A0 P), X 0 A0b 0 A0u b
P( X , t )
P ( X , t ), X
X

( P ), X 0b 0u
 2 Lagrangian

( A0 P), X 0 A0b 0
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0 w int F P

F P


_ _ _
P( X , t ) S PF
( F ( X , t ), F ( X , t ), etc., t t)
_ _ _ _
P ( X , t ) S tPF ( F ( X , t ), F ( x , t ), P( X , t ), etc., t t)

S PF
etc.
 2 Lagrangian

_ _ _
P( X , t ) S PF
( F ( X , t ), F ( X , t ), etc., t t)
_ _ _ _
P ( X , t ) S PF
( F ( X , t ), F ( x , t ), P( X , t ), etc., t t)
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S PF
etc.

1)
P ( X , t ) E PF ( X , t ) E PF F ( X , t ) 1
P ( X , t ) E PF ( X , t ) E PF F ( X , t )

2)
P( X , t ) E PF ( X , t ) ( X , t )
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X

u, X
u
_
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uu u

n 0 P t x0 t n0 ,

T (t )
u ( X a , t ) 0 n 0 ( X b ) P ( X b , t ) P( X b , t )
A0 ( X b )

u t 0 u t

u ( X ,0) u 0 ( X ) X X a, Xb

u ( X ,0) v0 ( X ) X Xa, Xb
 2 Lagrangian

A0 P 0
f ( X ) f (X ) f (X ) 0
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n
C n
C1

C0

b

a
f , x ( x )dx f (b ) f ( a )

C 1 xi

f , x ( x )dx f (b) f ( a ) f ( xi )
b

a
i


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functional, function of function)
w(x) x
V(w(x) ) w(x)



We V V V
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Lagrange








 2 Lagrangian

2.3 TL

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 2 Lagrangian

,

u( X , t )
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u ( X )

 2 Lagrangian

u A0 P , X 0 A0 b 0 A0 u dX 0
Xb
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Xa
P

u A0 P , X dX uA0 P , X u , X A0 P dX
Xb Xb

Xa Xa

Xa
Xb

u A0 P , X dX uA0 n 0 P

Xb

Xa
u , X A0 P dX

uA0 t x0 t
u , X A0 P dX
Xb

Xa

u

Lagrangian


Xb
X X 0
a
u , A P u A
0 0 b A
0 0 u
dX uA0 x
t 0
t
0
 2 Lagrangian

X u , X
A0 P u 0 A0 b 0 A0 u dX uA0 t x0
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Xb
0 u( X ) u 0
a t

( 4.3.2
)

A0 P , X 0 A0 b 0 A0 u 0 X Xa, Xb

n 0 P t x0 0 t

A0 P 0 i
 2 Lagrangian




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0

C

TL
X

 2 Lagrangian

W ext
Xb

Xa

u 0 bA0 dX uA0 t x0 t
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Xb Xb
W int u, X PA0 dX F PA0 dX
Xa Xa

Xb
W kin
u 0 A0 udX
Xa

W u, u W int W ext W kin 0 u u 0

 2 Lagrangian



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 2 Lagrangian

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P


 3
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 3

3.1 TL


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nN
u X , t N I X u I t
I 1

N I X C 0


NI (X J ) I J

I J Kronecker delta

I J 1 I=J
I J 0 I J
u


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nN

W ext
u I f Iext u T f ext
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I 1
nN

W int
u I f Iint u T f int
I 1
nN

W kin
u I f Ikin u T f kin
I 1

u T u1 u 2 u nN
f T f1 f 2 f nN





 3

Xb
f Iint N I , X PA0 dX
Xa

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Xb

f Iext N I 0 bA0 dX N I A0 t x0
Xa
t

f Ikin M I J a J f kin Ma
J

W u, u W int W ext W kin 0 u u 0

nN

I I
u
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f int
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f I
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0

u
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f Iint f Iext f Ikin 0 , I 2 , , n N

 3

nN
d 2u J
M
J 1
IJ
dt 2
f Iint f Iext 0 , I 2 , , n N

1
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C1 (




n 2 2
N
d uJ d u1
MIJ
J 2 dt 2
f I
int
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ext
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dt 2
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( )
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Ma f ext f int f Ma, f f ext f int

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( )
MIJ0 I J

f I f Iext f Iint
I


 3

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 3
2


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 3

u e L eu u e L e u
Le
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ne ne m nN
u X N X L e u N Ie X LeI J u J
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e 1 e 1 I 1 J 1

ne ne m
N X N X L e
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N J X N Ie X LeI J
e 1 e I 1

2 Ne(X)
N(X)
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3
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3
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3
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4 Lagrangian
 4 Lagrangian ,

4.1 UL
X 1 ( x, t )
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x ( X , t)

 4 Lagrangian ,

4.1 UL
UL TL
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TL UL

 4 UL
4.1 UL
Eulerian
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X 1 ( x, t ) X ( x, t )
v
Dx
x

D X , t dt ln F X , t
t
x
0

Cauchy X x, t

UL Cauchy
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4.1 UL
J 0 J 0
FA 0 A0
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A , x Ab Av
Dx v , x

0 w int Dx q x , x s

q x s
_ _ _
t ( X , t ) St F
( Dx ( X , t ), ( X , t ), t t, etc.)
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4.1 UL

v X , t v X , t v
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n X , t t x X , t t n ,

T (t )
v ( X a , t ) 0 n( X b ) ( X b , t ) ( X b , t )
A( X b )

v t 0 v t

( X ,0) 0 ( X )
v( X ,0) v0 ( X )
 4 UL
4.2 UL

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Dv

xb
xa
v A , x Ab A
Dt dx 0

Dv
dx vAt x t 0
xb
xa x
v , A v

Ab A
Dt

 4 UL
4.2 UL

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xb xb
p int
v, x Adx Dx Adx Dx d
xa xa

p ext vbAdx vAt x vbd vAt x
xb

xa t t

xb
p kin
vv Adx vv d
xa

p p int p ext p kin 0
 4 UL
4.3 UL



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v X , t N X , t v t N 1 x, t v t

v X , t N X v t N X a t

Eulerian

v x, t N x v t N X , t v t

TL

 4 UL
4.3 UL

Eulerian
x , t x1 t 1 x 2 t
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 4 UL
4.3 UL

u , t x , t X N x e t X e N u e t
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v , t N v e t a , t N u
e t v , t N V e

D x x, t v, x x, t N, x X x, t v e t
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4.3 UL

D x x, t v, x x , t N , x X x, t v e t
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B
m
D x v, x Bv B I v Ie
e
B N, x BIN I , x
I 1

N, N, x x, N, x N, x,1

D x , t x,1 N, v e t B v e t B N, x,1
 4 UL
4.3 UL
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TL UL

 4 UL
2.5 3
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1

N 2 1 2
1 2



2 2

u , t N u e t , v , t N v e t , x , t N x e t
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2.5 3

u , t N u e t , v , t N v e t , x , t N x e t
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:
1
N 2 1 2
1 2




2 2
u Te u1 , u 2 , u 3 v Te v1 , v 2 , v3 x Te x1 , x 2 , x3

B
1
B N, x x,1 N, 2 1 4 2 1
2 x,

1 1
x, N, x e x1 2 x 2 x3
2 2

1
D x N, x v e Bv e 2 1 4 2 1 v e
2 x,
 4 UL
2.5 3

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1
D x N, x v e Bv e 2 1 4 2 1 v e
2 x,

x, 2
2
x,

x,
2

 4 UL
2.5 3

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1 1

x3 1 1 2 1 2
f eint B T Adx 2 Ax, d A 2 d
x1 1 x, 1
1 1

2
2

dx x, d

TL
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2.5 3 -

2 1 1/4
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1 1 1
x2 x3 3x1 x, N, x e x1 2 x2 x3
2 2
4

1
1 x, x3 x1 1 0
2
A A
Jacobian J x, X x, X ,1 0
A0 A0
0 J 0 J

2
1 Jacobian ,

Jacobian ,
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2.5 3 -

D B v
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x e
x,

1



F
3 X2
F
 4 UL
2.5 3 -
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 4 UL
2.5 3 -
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3 1/4
 2.5 3 -
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 5
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 5

Mu f ext f int f
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t 0 t
n 1 2 u n 1 2 u n 1 2 u t t 2 u t t 2
u v
n

t t
v n 1 2 v n 1 2
a
u n n
v n 1 2 tM 1f n v n 1 2
t


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 5

,
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,








 5

2

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0
t crit
c0
0

c 02 E PF 0

( )

 6 Eulerian
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 6 Eulerian
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Eulerian
Eulerian x t
Cauchy
Eulerian

 TL UL
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UL



TL

UL