Your

Lecture
YUSMANIAR
S1 FARMASI UNAND 1991
APT, UI 1992
S2 BIOMEDIK UI 2008

Microbiolog
y
 Sejarah mikrobiologi
Sel bakteri Virologi
Nutrisi & pertumbuhan Mikologi
Microbial genetic Protozoologi
Flora normal Helminthologi
Patogenesitas
Medical microbiology
Pengendalian mikroba
Referensi

Mikrobiologi dasar Gupte

Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi Pelchars
Mikrobiologi Jawets
Mikrobiologi lain-lain
Microbial World and
You
Microorganisms Protists,
Bacteria and Viruses
What is Microbiology?
Microbiology is the study of organisms too small to
be seen with human eye
Smaller than 0.1mm
Includes several sub-disciplines
Bacteriology - Virology
Mycology - Parasitology
Food microbiology

Environmental microbiology

Forensic microbiology

Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs

Mikroorganisme mikroba - kuman
Nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus (1735)

Genus species
By custom once mentioned can be
abbreviated with initial of genus followed by
specific epithet. E. coli
When two organisms share a common genus
are related.
Why study Microbiology

Microbes are related to all life.

In all environments
Many beneficial aspects
Related to life processes (food web, nutrient
cycling)
Only a minority are pathogenic.
Most of our problems are caused by microbes
The Origin of Microorganisms

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Theory states

organisms can arise from non-living matter

Theory had its supporters and detractors
Detractors included
Francesco Redi
Louis Pasteur
John Tyndall
Each contributed to disproving the theory
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
- Organisms arise from non-living material

1668 - Maggots from flies and flies from maggots (Redi)

1859 - Darwin publishes Origin of Species

1861 - Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation

1876 - Tyndall and Cohn confirmed Pasteurs finding,

discovering endospores

1877 - Robert Koch showed anthrax

is caused by Bacillus anthracis
Pasteurs experiment disproving
spontaneous generation
 Tyndall concluded different infusions required
different boiling times
Some infusions were sterile after boiling for 5

minutes, others did not achieve sterility after 5

hours of boiling
Attributed contamination to heat resistant life form
called endospore
German botanist Ferdinand Cohn discovered
endospores in the same year (1876)
Robert Koch was able to establish endospore role
in disease transmission (1877)
to

go
(1.2)
Role of Microorganisms

Microbes have enormous impact on human existence

Microorganisms have killed more people than have

ever been killed in war

Without certain microorganisms life could not exist

Organisms are responsible for the production of

oxygen and nitrogen
Key elements for all living organisms
Microorganisms are decomposers
Responsible for the breakdown of wide variety
of material
Vital Activities and Roles of Microorganisms
- Support all living cells (Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya)

- Involved in nitrogen fixation

- Replenish oxygen on Earth

- Degrade organic waste material

- Serve as models for eukaryotes in study of genetics,

metabolism and biochemical principles
Applications of Microbiology
- The fermentation process is used for making bread, wine,
beer and cheeses.

- Bioremediation - degradation of toxic material

degrade PCBs, DDT, oil spills, radioactive waste

- Biosynthesis - production of antibiotics, amino acids, ethanol

pesticides, hormones, etc.

- Genetic engineering

- Medical microbiology
Genetic Engineering
The process by which the genes from one organism are
introduced into related or unrelated organisms

- eg. Bacteria expressing the human growth hormone gene

- eg. Bacteria producing human insulin

- eg. Bacteria producing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies

- eg vaccines

- eg engineered plants that resist disease

- eg gene therapy
Neurospora crassa engineered with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
that localizes to the nucleus. Hickey, P.C. & Read, N.D. (2003). The biology of the
living fungi. British Mycological Society: Wokingham, UK. Available from
http://www.fungalcell.org/cdrom/
Pest resistant plant
expressing But toxin
Medical Microbiology
Bacteria do cause disease
More people died worldwide of influenza in the

1918 epidemic than died in WWI, WWII, Korean

War and Vietnam combined
Modern sanitation, vaccination and effective

antimicrobial treatments have reduced incidences

of the worst diseases
Infectious diseases have existed for many years,
and affect humans, animals, plants and microbes
Emerging infectious diseases
Re-emerging infectious diseases
Students protecting themselves
from influenza virus in 1918 (1.3)
Present and Future Challenges
Emerging diseases
Diseases show increased occurrence with wider

distribution
Seemingly new diseases
Actually not new
Some diseases include
Legionnaires disease
Lyme disease
West Nile virus disease
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Factors associated with emerging disease
Changing lifestyles
Genetic changes in organisms
Emerging infectious diseases
(1.4)
 Present and Future Challenges
Resurgence of old diseases
Diseases thought to be defeated increasing in

frequency
Often more serious
Causative agents usually resistant to treatment
Reasons for resurgence
Increase travel
Visitors to foreign regions bring organisms
from home region
Unvaccinated individuals susceptible to
infection
Causative agents of controlled diseases still
around and infect vulnerable individuals
Present and Future Challenges

Chronic disease caused by bacteria

Many diseases once thought caused by

environmental stressors actually caused by

bacteria
Example: gastric ulcers

Causative agent Helicobacter pylori

Host-Bacterial Interactions

Estimated 500 1000 species of bacteria reside in

and on the human body
Bacteria outnumber cells in the body 10:1
For every one body cell, there are estimated 10

bacteria
These bacteria compete with other organisms for
food and space
Keep disease causing organisms from breaching

host defenses
Some bacteria and viruses use the human body as a
habitat for multiplication, persistence and
transmission
Diversity of Microbes

Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes

Protozoa-eukaryotic, single celled, colonial,
many ways of nutrition
Fungi- absorb nutrients, single celled
filamentous
Viruses-acellular entities
Others- worms, insects
 Bacteria

Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan cell
walls
Binary fission
For energy, use
organic chemicals,
inorganic chemicals,
or photosynthesis
Figure 1.1a
 Archaea:
Prokaryotic
Lack peptidoglycan
Live in extreme
environments
Include:
Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles

Halobacteria
not from book
 Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls Fungi
Use organic chemicals
for energy
Molds and mushrooms
are multicellular
consisting of masses of
mycelia, which are
composed of filaments
called hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular

Figure 1.1b
 Protozoa
Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest
organic chemicals
May be motile via
pseudopods, cilia, or
flagella
Most free some
parasites

Figure 1.1c
 Algae
Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls
Use photosynthesis
for energy (primary
producers)
Produce molecular
oxygen and organic
compounds
Metabolically diverse

Figure 1.1d
 Viruses
Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA
core
Core is surrounded by
a protein coat
Coat may be enclosed
in a lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated
only when they are in a
living host cell

Figure 1.1e
 Multicellular Animal
Parasites
Eukaryote

Multicellular animals
Parasitic flatworms
and round worms are
called helminths.
Microscopic stages in
life cycles.

Figure fluke
Size in the Microbial World
A big bacterium
Summary of the Microbial World
A timeline of Microbiology

Some highlights
1665 Hooke
1673 van Leeuwenhoeks microscopes
1735 Linnaeus Nomenclature
1798 Jenner vaccine
1857 Pasteur Fermentation
1876 Koch germ theory of disease
The Golden Age of
Microbiology
1857-1914

Beginning with Pasteurs work,

discoveries included the relationship

between microbes and disease,
immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
 Fermentation and
Pasteurization
Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible
for fermentation.
Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to
alcohol to make beer and wine.
Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage
of food.
Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic
acid spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic
acid).
 Fermentation and
Pasteurization
Pasteur demonstrated that
these spoilage bacteria
could be killed by heat that
was not hot enough to
evaporate the alcohol in
wine. This application of a
high heat for a short time is
called pasteurization.

Figure 1.4
 The Germ Theory of
Disease
1835: Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm
disease was caused by a fungus.
1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm
disease was caused by a protozoan.
1840s: Ignaz Semmelwise advocated hand
washing to prevent transmission of puerperal
fever from one OB patient to another.
 The Germ Theory of
Disease
1860s: Joseph Lister used a chemical
disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections
after looking at Pasteurs work showing
microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and
cause animal diseases.
1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a
bacterium causes anthrax and provided the
experimental steps, Kochs postulates, used to
prove that a specific microbe causes a specific
disease.
 The Birth of Modern
Chemotherapy
Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy.
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat
infectious disease can be synthetic drugs or
antibiotics.
Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria
and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.
Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat
malaria.
1910: Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic
arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
1930s: Sulfonamides were synthesized.
 The Birth of Modern
Chemotherapy
1928: Alexander
Fleming discovered the
first antibiotic.
He observed that
Penicillium fungus
made an antibiotic,
penicillin, that killed S.
aureus.
1940s: Penicillin was
tested clinically and
mass produced.
Similar to
Figure 1.5
Modern Developments in
Microbiology
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.

Mycology is the study of fungi.

Parasitology is the study of protozoa and
parasitic worms.
Recent advances in genomics, the study of an
organisms genes, have provided new tools for
classifying microorganisms.
Proteomics is looking at the gene products
 Selected Novel Prizes in Physiology
or Medicine
1901* von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin
1902 Ross Malaria transmission
1905 Koch TB bacterium
1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytes
1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin
1952 Waksman Streptomycin
1969 Delbrck, Hershey, Luria Viral replication
1987 Tonegawa Antibody genetics
1997Prusiner Prions
2003Agre, Mackirron water and ion channels
2005 Marshall, Warren Helicobacter and ulcers
2008 Hausen Papilloma and viruses

* The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Knowledge of
microorganisms:
Allows humans to
Prevent food spoilage
Prevent disease occurrence
Others?

Led to aseptic techniques to prevent

contamination in medicine and in
microbiology laboratories.
Universal precautions set up
by CDC
Use gloves, gowns, masks and goggles
Minimize risk of needle sticks
Disinfections procedure
Preventative treatment after exposure
Reduce risk
Treat all patients the same
HBV greater risk than HIV
Pioneers of Microbiology
Robert Hooke, UK (1665)
Proposed the Cell Theory
Observed cork with crude microscope
All living things are composed of cells
Spontaneous generation
Some forms of life could arise spontaneously
from non-living matter
Francesco Redi, IT (1668)
Redis experiments first to dispprove S.G.
Pioneers of Microbiology
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, DE (1673)
First observed live microorganisms
(animalcules)
Schleiden and Schwann, DE
Formulated Cell Theory: cells are the
fundamental units of life and carry out all the
basic functions of living things
Pasteur, FR and Tyndall, UK (1861)
Finally disproved S.G.
Pioneers of Microbiology
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Chemist
Fermentation (1857)
Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill
spoilage bacteria (1864)
Vaccine development rabies
Proposed the germ theory of disease
Proposed aseptic techniques (prevent
contamination by unwanted microbes)
Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894)
 Pioneers of Microbiology
Joseph Lister, UK (1867)
Used phenol (carbolic acid) to disinfect wounds
First aseptic technique in surgery
Robert Koch, DE (1876)
Postulates Germ theory (1876)
Identified microbes that caused anthrax (1876),
tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883)
Developed microbiological media & streak plates
for pure culture (1881)
 Kochs Postulates
The specific causative agent must be found in every
case of the disease.
The disease organism must be isolated from the
lesions of the infected case and maintained in pure
culture.
The pure culture, inoculated into a susceptible or
experimental animal, should produce the symptoms of
the disease.
The same bacterium should be re-isolated in pure
culture from the intentionally infected animal.
 Gene Splicing or Recombinant DNA
Bacteria can contain
Plasmids, which are circular
pieces of DNA. (Bacteria
dont have nuclei.)

Pieces of DNA with desired

characteristics can be obtained. (eg.
DNA which directs the production of
human insulin
A plasmid is cut using
an enzyme.
Desired DNA is inserted
into the plasmid.
It is glued back
together.
The plasmid is inserted
into a host bacteria.
The host bacteria
reproduce and the
offspring contain the
inserted DNA (eg. to
make human insulin etc.)
Expression of cloned genes in bacteria
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1674
- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms

wee animalcules
Spontaneous Generation

Theory that life just spontaneously

developed from non-living matter

Example:
toads, snakes and mice - moist soil
flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh
 Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi 1668

Rudolph Virchow 1858

Theory of Biogenesis
Cells can only arise from preexisting cells

Louis Pasteur 1861

Pasteur designed special swan-necked flasks
with a boiled meat infusion

Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped

dust particles which may contain microbes
penemu tahun penyakit Agen infeksi
Robert Koch 1876 anthrax B. anthracis

Albert Neisser 1879 GO Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Charles laveran 1880 Malaria Plasmodium sp

Carl Eberth 1880 Thypoid fever S. thypii

Robert Koch 1882 TBC M. tuberculose

Edwin Klebs 1883 Diphtheria C. diphtheriae

Theodore 1884 Traveller diare, Escherichia coli

Bladder infect
Escherich

Robert Koch 1884 Cholera Vibrio cholera

Shibasaburo kitasato 1889 tetanus Clostridium tetani
 Jelaskan mengapa untuk perkembangan
mikrobiologi teori generatio spontanea harus
dipatahkan
Menurut anda apa peran mikroorganisme
bagi tubuh anda
jelaskan tentang postulat koch