Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 3 Torsion
 (Torsion)

(Torsion)
3-1
(Concepts and example problem of torsion)
3-2
(Calculating internal force of torsion )
3-3
(Torsion in thinwall circular tube)
3-4
(Analyzing stress of circular bars &
strength condition)
 (Torsion)

3-5
(Torsional deformation of circular bars
& stiffness condition)
3-6
(Calculation of the stress and deformation
in close-coiled helical springs
3-7
(Torsion of noncircular prismatic bars)
3-8

(Free torsion of open and closed thin-

 (Torsion)

3-1
(Concepts and example problem of torsion )

Example problems)
(Torsion)
 (Torsion)

Character of external force)

.

Character of deformation )
.

Me Me
 (Torsion)

3-2
(Calculating internal force of torsion )
(Calculation of external moment)
P
M e 9549 (N m)
n Me2 Me1 Me3
n

Ps
M e 7024 (N m)
n

Me ( N m ) n ( r/min )

P (kW) Ps (PS)
 (Torsion)

(Calculation of internal
force)
1 (Calculating internal
force)
(Method of
sections)
n n
Me Me

Mx 0
T Me
Me T
 (Torsion)
2 Me n Me
(Sign convention for torque)
x
,

n
3
Torque diagram) Me
. T
x
x


Me
T
x
x x
. T T

+
_ x
 (Torsion)
1 n = 300 r/min
A P1 = 500 kW .

P2 = 150 kW P3 = 150 kW

P4 = 200 kW. .

Me1
Me2 Me3 Me4
n

B C D
A
 (Torsion)
Me1
Me2 Me3 Me4
n

B C D
A
:
P
M e 9549
n
M e1 15900 N m
M e 2 M e 3 4780 N m
M e 4 6379 N m
 (Torsion)

CA 2-2
. T 2 Me2 Me1
Me3 2 Me4
.

Mx 0 B C 2 A D
M e 2 M e 3 T2 0
Me2 Me3 T
T2 M e 2 M e 3 9560 N m
2
x

T 2
B C
BC

T1 M e 2 4780 N m Me2 T1
x
 (Torsion)

BC Me2 1 Me3 Me1 3 Me4

T1 M e 2 4780 N m
AD B 1 C A 3 D
T3 M e 4 6370 N m Me2
T1
Me4
T3
.
6370 N m

+
CA .
_
Tmax 9560 N m 4780 Nm

9560 Nm
 (Torsion)

3-3
(Torsion of thinwalled cylindrical Vessels)
1
t r0 r0
10
Analysis of stress)
1.
1
2 .
x
2.
Me Me
dx

.
 (Torsion)

3 Inference) Me Me
1 )

2 )

.

A D

.
B C

t
dx
 (Torsion)

4 (Derivation of
formula)
AdA r r AdA r (2 r t ) T
T

2 r 2 t
.

.
T

 (Torsion)

(Shearing Stress Theorem)

1
y y
.

dz
Fy 0
x

dy
dy
dz
z dx


( dy dz) dx
 (Torsion)

2 y

M z 0 Fx 0

dz

dy

dx
( dxdy )dz z

( dy dz) dx

 (Torsion)

3
y
Shearing Stress Theorem)

dz

dy

.
z dx

Element in pure
shear )
.
 (Torsion)

Hookes law for shear)

Me

Me

r

l
l

r .

Me

Me T .
 (torsion)
(Torsion)

T r
T
2 r 2 t l
T

. G
O
.

(Hookes law for shear)
G
E G

G O
2(1 )
 (torsion)
(Torsion)

2 0
 (Torsion)

3-4
Analyzing stress of circular bars &
strength condition)
Examine the deformation
then propose the hypothesis
deformation
geometric
relation
Distribution regularity
of deformation
physical
relation
Distribution

regularity of stress

static
relation
Establish the formula
 (Torsion)

(Geometrical
Relationship of Deformation)
1
(Deformation phenomenon)
1)
2)

3)
.

2 Plane
assumption)

.
 (Torsion)

3
Geometrical relationship) a b

A T
D G T
E d
O1 O2
A , d D' G'

b-b a b
a-a dx

O2D G EG

.

GG' E
d
tg
EG dx
 (torsion)
(Torsion)

(Physical Relationship)
Relationship

a b
G
A T
D G T
d
d
G G O1 O2
dx D G'
a b
dx

.
 (Torsion)

(Static Relationship
1 Establish the dA T
formula)
A dA T
d O
A G dx dA T r

d
dA T A 2d A I p
2
G dA
dx A
d T

dx GI p
T
T

IP
IP
 (Torsion)

2 max Calculation of
max )
T max T T dA
T max
max
Ip Ip Wt O
max
(Maximum Shear-Stress r
Formula) dA
Ip
Wt
max

Wt mm3
m3 .
 (Torsion)

3
IP
I p dA
2 Wt d
A max
1 (Solid circular d
O
section) dA 2 (d )
d 4
d
I p 2dA 2 3d
2
A 0 32
Ip 4
d / 32 d 3 d
Wt
max d /2 16
D
2 (Hollow circular section) d O
D 4 (1 4 )
Ip d
32
D 3 D
Wt (1 )
4
16
 (Torsion)

2 D=100mm
d=80mm M1=6kNm M2=4kNm
G=80GPa.
(1)

(2)
.

M1 M2

A B C
l l
 (torsion)
(Torsion)

2 1
1 M1 M2
BC T1+M2=0

T1 = -4kNm - A B C

AB T2+M2-M1=0 l l
T1 M2
T2 =2kNm
+

BC
C

2kNm T2 M1 M2
Tmax=4kNm +
_
4kNm B C
 (Torsion)

2
M1 M2

Tmax
max A B C
Wt
l l
Tmax
3 34.5MPa
D T
(1 4 ) max
16

.
max
 (Torsion)

(Strength Condition)
Tmax
1 max [ ]
Mathematical formula) Wt
2 Application of strength condition)

Tmax
[ ]
Wt
Check the intensity)
Tmax
A
Determine the required
[ ]
dimensions)
Tmax A[ ]

(Determine the allowable load)
 (Torsion)

3 AB d 1=120 mm BC

d 2=100 mm. MA = 22 kNm MB = 36
kNm MC =14 kNm .
MA [ ]M
=B80
MC

MPa .

T1 T1 22 10 3 A B C
1max 3 22 kNm
Wt1 d1 / 16 (0.123 ) / 16
+
64.84MPa [ ] _
T2 T2 14 103
2 max 3 14 kNm
Wt 2 d 2 / 16 (0.13 ) / 16
71.3MPa [ ] .
 (Torsion)

4 a b
m l .
= 0.8
.
d1
d
d2 D2 ;
l

(a)
T .
max 1 max 2
d2 D2
T T
max 1 max 2 l
Wt 1 Wt 2
(b)
 (Torsion)

T

T d 3
D 3
(1 4
)
Wt 1 Wt 2 1
2
Wt 1 Wt 2 16 16
d13 D23 (1 4 )

16 16
D2 3 1
4 1.194
d1 1 0.8

2
A2 4 ( D2 d 2
2 ) D 2
(1 2
)
2
1 . 194 2
(1 0 . 8 2
) 0.512
A1 2 d 2
d1 1
4

.
 (Torsion)

3-5
(Torsional deformation of circular bars &
stiffness condition
(Torsional
1
deformation)
d T

dx GI p
d dx .
l

T
d dx
l l GI
p
 (torsion)
(Torsion)

Tl

GI P GIP

2 (Angle of twist per unit length)

T
(rad m)
l GI P
3 Stiffness condition)

[ ] [ ]
max
(Allowable angle of twist per unit length)
Tmax

max [ ] (rad m)
GI P
 (Torsion)

5 d=40mm a=400mm

G=80GPa DB=1.
1 AD
M 2M 3M
2
.
CA

Tmax= 3Me D C B A

M a a 2a
DB= CB+ DC=1
3M
M ea 2 M ea 180 2M
( ) 1 M +
GI p GI p
 (Torsion)

M e 292kN m M 2M 3M
1 AD
D C B A
Tmax
max 69.7MPa
Wt a a 2a

2 3M
2M
CA
CA BA CB M +

3 M e 2a M e a 180
( ) 2.33
GI p GI p
 (Torsion)

6 40
D=76mm t=2.5mm M=1.98kNm,
[ ] = 100MPa G = 80GPa
[ ] = 2 /m . .

M M
t

d D
 (Torsion)

M M
T M 1.98 kN m t
d D
d D 2t
0.934
D D
D 4 (1 4 )
IP 7.83 105 mm 4
32
Ip
Wt 2.06 104 mm
D/2
Tmax
max 96.1MPa [ ]
Wt
Tmax 180
max 1.81 / m [ ]
GI P
 (Torsion)

max=96.1MPa
Tmax
max 3 96.1MPa
d / 16
d=47.2mm
2
d
A 1749 mm 2
4
(76 71 )
2 2
A 577mm 2
4

2
A2 4 ( D2 d 2
2 ) D 2
(1 2
)
2
1 . 194 2
(1 0 . 8 2
) 0.512
A1 2 d 2
d1 1
4

 (Torsion)

7 AB C
M GIP
.

A C B
a b
l
 (Torsion)

Mx 0 M
M A MB M 0

A C B
a b
.

l
C
MA M MB
A B
.

A C B
 (Torsion)

1 AC= BC
AC BC M

T1a M Aa
AC A C B
GI P GI P
a b
T2b M B b
BC l
GI P GI P
M Aa
MB MA M MB
b
MA MB M 0
M A Mb / l

M B Ma / l A C B
 (Torsion)
8 l

GaIPa GbIPb .
M
.

M M

A B
l
 (Torsion)

M M

Mx 0
Ma Mb M
A B
.
l

.
M Mb Ma
A B

Mal Mbl
A B
Ga I Pa Gb I Pb
 (Torsion)

M M

Ga I pa
Ma Mb A B
Gb I pb l

Ga I Pa
Ma M Ma
Ga I Pa Gb I Pb

Gb I Pb Mb
Mb
Ga I Pa Gb I Pb
A B
 (Torsion)

3-6
(Calculation of the stress and deformation in
close-coiled helical springs

(a) F
P

(Calculation of the stress on

spring wire cross section)

5, D>>d,
d
.
.
1 R

Calculation of internal force)

 (Torsion)

(a) PF (b) PPF

0.

FD d T
FS F T Q T
2 FS
2
(Calculation of stress) R

FS D/d

T FD / 2 8 FD
max 3
Wt d / 16 d 3
 (Torsion)

1) D/d ,
2) .

4c 1 0.615 8 FD 8 FD
max ( ) 3 k
4c 4 c d d 3

D 4c 1 0.615
c , k
d 4c 4 c
c , k ,
3.1
3 (Strength condition)

max [ ]
 (Torsion)

(a) PF (b) PPF
(Deformation of the
spring)
1
(Calculation of strain energy)
d T
Q T
FS

T 2l
v
2GI p R

FD
T
2 4F 2 D 3n
v
l n D Gd 4
 (Torsion)

2 Work of the external force)

F


1
W F
2

F
3 v = W
Work-energy principle)
1 4F 2 D 3n O
F
2 Gd 4
8 FD 3 n 64 FR 3 n Gd 4 Gd 4
c 3 3
Gd 4
Gd 4 8 D n 64 R n
F
c
c
 (Torsion)

9 R=59.5 mm

d=14mm n=5. [ ] = 350MPa
G=80GPa
=55mm
F

Gd 4 (55. 10 3 )(80 109 )(14 10 3 )4

F 3 2510N
3
64 R n64(59.5 10 )
3
D 2 R 2(59.5 10 )
Rd c 3 8.5
d d 14 10
3.1 k=1.17
3
8 FD 8( 2510 59.5 2 10
max k 3 1.17 325 106 Pa
d (14 10 3 )
325MPa [ ] .
 (Torsion)

3-7
(Torsion of noncircular prismatic bars)
(warping)
.
 (Torsion)

(warping)


.

.

(pure torsion) (free .

torsion).
(constraint torsion).
torsion)
 (Torsion)

Rectangular cross section)

max
.

.
T
max h
Wt Wt hb
2

T
Tl max
I t hb 3
GI t
b
max
 (Torsion)

Long narrow rectangle)

It .
Wt 1 3 1
I t h Wt h 2
3 3

3-1
h/b 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
0.208 0.219 0.231 0.246 0.256 0.267 0.282 0.299 0.307 0.313 0.333

0.141 0.166 0.196 0.229 0.249 0.263 0.281 0.299 0.307 0.313 0.333

1.000 0.930 0.858 0.796 0.767 0.753 0.745 0.743 0.743 0.743 0.743
 (Torsion)
10 , , h=100mm,
b=
50mm, l = 2m, M = 4 kNm

. [ ] = 100 MPa , G h = 80GPa,

T M 4kN m 2
b
3-1 0.246 0.229
[ ]=1 /m . 8 .
I t hb 0.229 0.1 0.05 286 10 m
3 3 4

Wt hb 2 0.246 0.1 0.052 61.6 10 6 m 3

T 4000
max 6 65MPa [ ]
Wt 61.6 10
T 4000
8 0.01745rad/m 1 /m [ ]
GI t 80 10 286 10
9
 (Torsion)

3-8
Free torsion of thin- walled members)

b .

T T

 (Torsion)

T (ds ) 2d 2

T
max
2 min

1
ds d
2
12 a=50 mm
b=75mm t =5mm T=5000Nm
.

T T a
max t
2 min 2tab b
5000
9 42.5MPa
2 5 50 75 10