Mechanics of Materials

Chapter 4 Internal forces in beams

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

( Internal forces in beams )
4-1
Basic concepts and example problems)
4-2 (Shear- force and
bending- moment in beams)
4-3

(Shear-force& bending-moment equations ;

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

4-4
(Relationships between load,shear
force,and bending moment)
4-5
(Drawing bending-moment diagram by
superposition method)

4-6
Internal diagrams for frame members
& curved bars)
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

4-1
(Basic concepts and example problems)
. Example problem)
. Example problem)
(Internal Forces in Beams)
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

Basic concepts)
1 Deflection )
(1)
.
(2)
, .
2 (Beam)

3 (Plane bending)
,
,
.
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

F1 F2

A B

RB RA



 (Internal Forces in Beams)
4
Representing a real
structure by an idealized model)

(1

concentrated force)
(2 concentrated moment)
distributed load )
A
(3
A
A

roller support) RA
A
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

(pin support)
A
YA
A
XA A
A

(clamped support or fixed end)

H M
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

5 (Basic types of statically determinate

beams)

(simply supported beam)

(overhanging beam)

(cantilever beam)
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

1 L=5m D=1m t =10 mm,

7.8g/cm 1g/cm ,
0.8m 1m .

FS

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

4-2
(Shear- force and bending- moment in beams)
Calculating internal force)
[ ] F a l.
A x a
F
. A B
:
l
Fx 0 , XA 0
Fa F
m A 0 , RB l XA A B

F (l a ) Y
F y 0 , RA l A RB
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

F (l a )
F y 0 , Fs Y A l XA A
m F
B

mC 0 , M Y A x YA m
x RB

FS
1 (Bending moment )M
M
C
YA F
.
M
2 (Shear force) FS C
FS
RB
.
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

Sign convention for internal force)

+ Fm
S

1
(Sign convention for shear force)
FS
dx m

dx
, m-m dx
- m

.
dx FS

FS
m-m . dx

m
. dx
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

2 Sign convention for + M m M

bending moment)

dx
m-m m

dx
- m

m-m

M m M

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

2 F1 F2 F2 >
F1
a b c l . E F

(1) RA RB
. RA a F1 F2 RB
mA 0 C D
A B
RB l F1a F2b 0 E F

mB 0 c d
b
RA l F1 ( l a ) F2 ( l b ) 0 l

F1 ( l a ) F2 ( l b ) F1a F2b
RA RB
l l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

E
RA F1 F2
a
FSE ME
A C D B
FSE ME
E F
.
c d
b
Fy 0 , RA FS E 0 l

m E 0, M E RA c 0
RA FSE
FSE RA ME
A E

M E RA c C
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

RA FSE F1 F2 RB
ME FSE
E C D B
A E ME
a- c
c b- c
l- c

Fy 0 F SE R B F 1 F 2 0

ME 0 R B ( l c ) F 1 (a c ) F 2 (b c ) M E 0
FSE RA +

M E RA c +
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

RA a F1 F2
RB
FSF
A C D B MF
E F B
F
c d d
b
l

F FS MF .

F y 0, FSF RB 0
FSF R B -
mF 0, M F RB d 0 M F RB d +
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

Simple method for calculating shear-

force and bending-moment)

1 (Shear force)
n
FS Fi
i 1

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

2 Bending moment)
n m
M Fi ai M k
i 1 k 1

, .

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

3 F1 = F2 = F = 60kN
a = 230mm,b = 100 mm c = 1000 mm. C D
.
F2=F
F1=F RA RB

C
A D B
b

a
c

(1) RA RB F 60kN
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
(2) C FSC MC .

FSC F1 60kN M C F 1 b 6 .0kN.m

(3) D FSD MD .

FSD R A F 1 60 60 0
M D R A (c a ) F 1 c Fa 13.8kN.m
F2=F
F1=F RA RB

C
A D B
b

a
c
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

4 .
10kN.m
(1 RA RB
2
RA=4kN RB=-4kN A B
1 C
(2 1-1
FS 1 FSC R A 4kN 1m
2.5m
M 1 M C R A 1 4kN.m
m
(3 2-2

FS 2 FSC R B ( 4) 4kN 1 2
C
M 2 M C R B ( 2 .5 1) ( 4) 1.5 6kN.m
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

4-3

(Shear- force & bending-moment equations;

shear-force&bending-moment diagrams)
(Shear- force & bending-
moment equations

.

1 (Shear- force equation ) FS= FS(x)

2 Bending-moment equationM
= M(x)
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

(Shear-force&bending-moment diagrams)
x
.

Fs(x) M(x)

O O x
x

Fs M

x x

x x
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

5 F ,
.
F
(1)
A B
x

FS ( x ) F (0 x l ) l

M ( x ) Fx (0 x l )

F SA 0

F SA 0
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

F
FS ( x ) F (0 x l ) A B
x

M ( x ) Fx (0 x l ) l

FS
x

F
M

Fl
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

6 , q .
.
q
(1)
A B
ql x
RA RB RA l RB
2
(2 .

ql
FS ( x ) RA qx qx (0 x l )
2
x qlx qx 2
M ( x ) RA x qx (0 x l )
2 2 2
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
q
ql
FS ( x ) qx (0 x l )
2 A B

. x
RA l RB
ql
x=0 FS
2
ql/2
x= l , F ql
S
2 +

. ql/2
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
x qlx qx 2
M ( x ) RA x qx (0 x l )
2 2 2
q
.
x 0, M 0 A B
x
x l, M 0 RA l RB

dM ( x ) ql
qx 0
dx 2 ql
2

l + 8
x
2 l/2
2
ql
M max M x
l
2 8

 (Internal Forces in Beams)
q

A B

x
RA
l RB
2
ql
ql/2 M max
8
FS= 0
+
ql/2

2

ql
+ 8 ql
FS max
l/2 2
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

7 C P .
.
F
RA RB
(1)
A B
C
Fb Fa
RA RB a b
l l
l

AC CB
.

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

F
RA RB

AC A
C
B
Fb b
FS ( x ) (0 x a ) (1) a
l x
Fb x
M ( x) x ( 0 x a ) ( 2) l
l
CB
Fb F ( l b) Fa
FS ( x ) F ( a x l ) ( 3)
l l l
Fb Fa
M ( x) x F ( x a) ( l x ) ( a x l ) ( 4)
l l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

F
RA RB
Fb
FS ( x ) ( 0 x a ) (1)
l A B
C
Fa
FS ( x ) ( a x l ) ( 3) a b
l x
(1),(3) ,AC,CB
x
x l

.
Fb l
+

Fa l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

F
Fb RA RB
M ( x) x (0 x a ) ( 2)
l
A B
C
Fa
M ( x) (l x ) (a x l ) ( 4) a b
l x
x
l
(2),(4) ,AC,CB

Fba
. + l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
F
RA RB

A B
( ) C
a b
. F. x
x
l
Fb l
. +

Fa l
Fba
+ l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

8 C m .
.
m
RA RB
m m
RA RB A B
l l C
a b
.
l

m
FS ( x ) (0 x l ) (1)
l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
m
AC BC RA RB

AC A B
C
b
m a
M ( x ) x (0 x a ) (2)
x
l
x
l
CB

m m
M ( x ) x m ( l x ) (a x l ) (3)
l l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
m
m RA RB
FS ( x ) (0 x l ) (1)
l
A B
C
(1)
a b
x . l

m
FS
l m
l

+
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
m
m
M ( x ) x (0 x a ) (2) RA RB
l
m m A B
M ( x ) x m (l x ) C
l l a b
(a x l ) (3) x
l
AC CB .

AC x = 0 M 0 ma
l
ma +
x = a M C
l
CB x = mb
M C
a , l mb
x= l M = 0 l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
m
RA RB

A B
C
a b
( )
l
m
.
l
+
.
ma
+ l

mb
l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

1 x ;

.
2

3
.
. .
4
.
.
5
Fs = 0
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

9 F .
F .
F
F A x
.
A B
.

x
F (l x ) Fx
RA RB l
l l
P x C

F (l x )
M C RA x x
l
d M F l
C
0 (l 2 x ) 0 x
dx l 2
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
F
.

l
x
2
F (l x )
M C RA x x
l

1
M max Fl
4
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

4-4

(Relationships between load,shear force,and

bending moment)
(Differential relationships between load,shear force,and
bending moment)
y F m
q = q (x) x
q (x) .
x
. q(x)
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
y F m
x x+dx m n
x

m-m n-n m n
dx .
m-m FS(x) ,M(x) q(x)
x dx

x+dx m n
Fs(x) M(x)+dM(x)
FS(x)+dFS(x) , M(x)+dM(x) .
C
M(x)
dx q(x)
Fs(x)
dx . m +dFs(x)
n

q(x)
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

Fx 0 FS ( x ) [ FS ( x ) dFS ( x )] q( x )dx 0
dFS ( x )
q( x )
MC 0 dx
dx
[ M ( x ) dM ( x ) ] M ( x ) Fs( x ) dx q( x )dx 0
2
m n
Fs(x) M(x)+dM(x)
C
M(x)
dM ( x )
FS ( x ) Fs(x)
dx
m +dFs(x)
n

q(x)
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

dFS ( x ) dM ( x ) d2 M ( x )
q( x ) FS ( x ) 2
q( x )
dx dx dx

.
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

q(x) Fs(x) M x
(Relationships between load,shear force,and bending
moment diagrams)
dFS ( x )
1 q(x) < 0 q( x )
dx
FS(x) .
dM ( x )
M(x) . FS ( x )
dx
Fs(x) M(x)
d2 M ( x )
2
q( x )
dx
O x O
x
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

dFS ( x )
2 q(x) = 0 q( x )
dx
.
dM ( x )
FS ( x )
. dx
F S(x) > 0 .
d2 M ( x )
F S(x) < 0 . 2
q( x )
dx

Fs(x) M(x) M(x)

O x O x O x
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

3 Mmax
dFS ( x )
FS(x) = 0 ; q( x )
dx

dM ( x )
FS ( x )
dx
.
4 d2 M ( x )
2
q( x )
. dx
.

5
.
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
4-1

q<0 F m
C C

C C
C

F
C C
0

m
Mmax
C
FS=0

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

(Integral relationships between load, shear

force, and bending moment)
dFS ( x )
q( x )
dx
x=x1 x= x2 A B
x2 x2
x1
dFS( x ) q( x )dx
x1

x2
FS ( x2 ) FS ( x1 ) q( x )dx
x1
x2
FSx2 FSx1 q( x )dx
x1
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
x2
FSx2 FSx1 q( x )dx
x1
FSx1 FSx2 x=x1 x= x2
.
A,B
.
dM ( x )
FS ( x )
dx
A,B
b
M B M A a FS ( x )dx
MA,MB x = a , x = b A B
.
A,B .
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
10 F F=
25.3kN
.
(1) F F
. R A RB
R B 27 kN
1 3
R A 23.6k
2
A B
C D
AC,CD,DB .
. 200 115
1265

(2)


AC FSA RA 23.6kN
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

CD FSC RA F 1.7kN F F R
RA B
1 2 3
DB FSD RB 27kN A B
C D
FSB 0kN
200 115
DB 1265

FSmax 27kN 23.6

(3) +

1.7
.

27
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

MA 0 RA F F RB
1 2 3
A B
M C R A 0.2 4.72kN m C D

200 115
M D R B 0.115 3.11kN m 1265

MB 0
4.72
C 3.11
+
M max 4.72kN m
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
RA F F RB
(4) 1 2 3
C,D A B
C D
, P=25.3kN.
200 115
. 1265
23.6
AC ,
. +

CD DB , ,
1.7
.
4.72 27
C . 3.11
. +
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

11 q=100kN/m ,
. .
R q RB
A
B
A
(1) C E D
0.2 1.6
R A R B 0 5 100 1 6 80kN 1
2
AC CD DB .AC
DB ,CD
.
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

(2) RA q RB
AC A B
C E D
FSA RA 80kN
0.2 1.6
CD 1
FSC RA 80kN 2

80kN
FSD RB 80kN
DB +
FSB RB 80kN
FSB 0kN
80kN
AC DB .
F S max 80kN ( ,)
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

(3) RA q RB
AC A B
MA 0 C E D
0.2 1.6
M C R A 0 .2 16kN.m
1
CD 2

M D R B 0 2 16kN m
FS = 0 E +

48
16

16
.
q 2

M E RA 1 (1 0 2 ) 48kN m kN.m
2
DB MB = 0
E M max 48kN m
.
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

12
.
F1=2kN F2=2kN
(1) RA m=10kN.m
RB
q=1kN/m
R A 7kN
R B 5kN A
C D B E
AC CD
DB BE . 4m 4m 4m 3m

(2)
AC ( )
FSA R A 7kN FSC R A 4q 3kN
CD ( )
FSC R A 4q P1 1kN FSD P2 RB 3kN
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
AC ( )
F1=2kN F2=2kN
FSA 7kN RA m=10kN.m
RB
FSC 3kN q=1kN/m

CD ( A
) C D B E
FSC 1kN
FSD 3kN 4m 4m 4m 3m
DB () 7kN

FS F2 RB 3kN 3kN
2kN
EB () + 1kN
+
FSB P 2 2kN
x=5m
F , A 3kN
Fx Sx R A qx F 1 0 x = 5m
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
F1=2kN F2=2kN
(3) RA m=10kN.m
RB
AC MA 0 q=1kN/m

q 2
M C 4 R A 4 20 A
C D B E
2
CD 4m 4m 3m
4m

M D 7 F 2 4 R B m 16
20 20.5
M max M F 20.5
16
DB +
M D 7 P 2 4 R B 6 6

M B 3 P 2 6
BE M E 0 6
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

13 .

F=50kN
mA q=20kN/m M=5kN.m
RA = 81 kN
RB = 29 kN A E C D K B
RA RB
mA = 96.5 kN.m
1 0.5 1 3 1

AE EC CD DK KB

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

F=50kN
(1) mA q=20kN/m M=5kN.m

AE
K B
A E C D
FSA = FSE = RA = 81kNRA RB

ED 1 0.5 1 3 1

FSE = RA - F = 31kN
81kN
DK

FSK= -RB = - 29kN + 31kN

KB
FSB = - RB = - 29 kN 29kN
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
F=50kN
mA q=20kN/m M=5kN.m

K B
K x A E C D
RA R
0.5 1 3
FS = 0. 1 1

F Sx R B qx 0 81kN

x=1.45
x R B 1.45m + 31kN
q

29kN
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
F=50kN M=5kN.m
(2) mA q=20kN/m
AE EC CD
B
A E C D K
RA RB
M A m A 96.5kN m 1 0.5 1 3 1

M E M A 81 1 15.5kN m
31
M C M E 31 0.5 0

M D M C 31 1 31kN m 15.5

96.5
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
DK F=50kN M=5kN.m
mA q=20kN/m

M K RB 1 m A E C D K
B

29 1 5 34kN m RA RB
1 0.5 1 3 1
FS= 0
55

M max R B 2.45 m 31
+
34
q 5
1.452 55kN m
2
KB 15.5
x
M B m 5kN m
M B 0 96.5
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
mA F=50kN q=20kN/mM=5kN.m

A E C D K
RA RB
(
+

)
(
+
).
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
14
18kN
. .
.
+
(1)
a b c d
d Fs
q( x )
dx

14kN
2kN
AB B
3m 3m 6m
F=20kN.

F SB 18kN F=20kN

F SB 2kN A B C D

F=20kN
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

dFS 18kN
q( x )
dx
+
BC
a b c d
CD q ( )

14kN
d 2kN
F SD F SC c q( x )dx 6q
3m 3m 6m

( 14) ( 2) F=20kN
q 2kN q=2kN
6
A B C D
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
18kN
(2)
+
dM ( x )
FS ( x )
dx a b c d
AB

14kN
2kN
b
M B M A FS ( x )dx 3m 3m 6m
a

0 18 3 54kN m 54 48
+
BC
. a b c d
c
M C M B b FS ( x )dx 54 ( 2) 3 48 kN.m
CD . M. d 0
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

15 .

(1) dM ( x ) F ( x )
S
dx 40kN.m
AB M(x) =
FS(x ) = 0 . +

BC F S(x) = , a b c d
c 2m 2m 2m
M C M B b FS ( x )dx 2 FS

M C MB 0 40 a b c d
FS 20kN
2 2
CD F S(x) = 0
20kN
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
40KN.m
dFS
(2) q( x )
dx +
AB . A .
M A 0 M A 40kN m a b c d
2m 2m 2m
m= 40kN.m ( )
B .F SB 0
a b c d
F SB 20kN
F = 20kN ( )
BC .C . m F 20kN
F SB 20kN F SB 0 A B C D
: F = 20kN ( )
CD . F
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
4-5
(Drawing bending-moment diagram by
superposition method)
(Superposition principle)

.
FS ( F1 , F2 , , Fn ) FS1 ( F1 ) FS1( F2 ) FSn ( Fn )
M ( F1 , F2 , , Fn ) M 1 ( P1 ) M 2 ( P2 ) M n ( Fn )

Application condition)

.
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
(Procedure)
(1)
(2)
.
16 F q

F=ql/3
q

x
l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

F q
x F=ql/3
q
2
qx
M ( x ) Fx
2
x
F M F ( x ) Fx l
2
qx F
q M q ( x )
2
x
F,q F, q
q

2
qx
M ( x ) Fx x
2
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
F
q

2
ql 6 x
M F ( x ) Fx
- Fl l

+
+ F
2l/3
2 x
qx
2
ql 81 M q ( x)
2 q
l/3
2
ql 6
2 x
ql 2
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
17 a = F1 F2 F3
425mm , F1 F2 F3 685 D A C B
kN 575 kN 506 kN. E

a a a a
.

F F1 F3
2

a a a a
122
+
d a c b e d a c b e
d a c b e

291 215
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
F2 F3 d a c b e
F1
A C B E
D
291
a a a a
122

d a c b e +
d a c b e
131
215
291 d a c b e

1 1 215
M C ( 291 ) 122 ( 215 ) 131kN m
2 2
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

4-6
Internal diagrams for plane frame
members & a curved bars)
Internal diagrams for plane
frame members

. A
B

C
1 Internal forces for plane frame members

(shear force ) (bending moment) (axial force).

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

2 Sign convention for internal force

diagrams)
(bending moment diagram)
.

(shear force and axial

force diagrams)
(
). .
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

18 .

a F1
F1 F2 .
F2 B
C
CB AB
x

FN (x) = 0

l
CB
FS(x) = F1 (+) (0<x < a)
A
M(x) = F1x (0 x a)
F1
FN(x FS(x)
) C
M(x) x
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

a F1
F1 F2 B
a
C
F2 B
C

x
FS(x)

l
M(x)
A
FN(x)

FN(x) = F1 ( 0 x l )
BA FS(x) = F2 (+) ( 0< x <l )
M(x) = F1a+F2 x ( 0 x l )
 (Internal Forces in Beams)
F1
a
F1
F2
B C
CB FN(x)=0
)= |
FN

l
BA FN(x) = F1

A
F2

F1
+

CB FS(x) = F1 (+)
+
BA FS(x) = F2 (+) Fs

 (Internal Forces in Beams)

CB M(x)= F1x (0 x a)

BA M(x) = F1a+F2 x (0 x l)

F1a

a
F1
F2
F1a

B C

l
A
F1a+F2l
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

Plane curved bars)

1 Plane curved bars)

2 Sign convention for internal force)

 (Internal Forces in Beams)
t
FS C
FN
F F

n O

+ R
M

FR
FS F cos
Fn 0 FN F sin 0
FN F sin
Ft 0 FS F cos 0
mC 0 M FR sin 0 M FR sin
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

19 : ,F R . FS M FN .

m
m
R F
A B
O x
,O ,OB , mm

M ( ) Fx F ( R Rcos ) FR(1 cos ) (0 )

FS ( ) F1 Fsin (0 )
FN ( ) F2 Fcos (0 )
 (Internal Forces in Beams)

m
M

m
R F
A B
O x A B
2PR O
+ FS FN

O P O P
M ( ) Fx F ( R Rcos ) FR(1 cos ) (0 )
Fs( ) F1 Fsin (0 )
FN ( ) F2 Fcos (0 )