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CHAPTER PREVIEW

Health
Definition Approaches And
Wellness

History Careers

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PSYCHOLOGY

How many of you have an

acquaintance who is a
psychologist?

Those of you who do not

personally know a psychologist
still have an idea of what
psychology is.

Where did your idea come from?

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PSYCHOLOGY

The scientific study of behavior and mental process

Systematic methods

What can be directly observed

Thoughts, feelings, motives

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SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

Critical Thinking

Skepticism

Objectivity

Curiosity

When were thinking about behavior

and mental processes, why would
we want our thinking to be
critical?
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SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

Critical Thinking

Skepticism

Objectivity

Curiosity

What is the value of

skepticism?

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PSYCHOLOGY A GENERAL SCIENCE

Not Limited to Psychological

Disorders

Positive Psychology
emphasizes human
strengths

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NARCISSISM EPIDEMIC?

Narcissism
usually
self-confident
self-assertive
self-centered

Generation Born Since 1980s

More narcissistic than early generations
vs.
Attitudes have been stable over time

Are you more narcissistic than your parents?

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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Western Philosophy
Biology and Physiology
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
1879 established 1st psychology lab
Wundts Structuralism
structures of the mind
introspection
systematic, detailed
self-report

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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Western Philosophy
Biology and Physiology
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
William James (1842-1910)
James Functionalism
functions / purposes of the mind
minds interactions with outside world
stream of consciousness
Why is human thought adaptive?

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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Western Philosophy
Biology and Physiology
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
William James (1842-1910)
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
On the Origin of Species, 1859
psychology and evolution

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PSYCHOLOGY AND EVOLUTION

Natural Selection

competition for resources

favors genetic
characteristics that
promote reproduction
and survival

environmental changes
alter course of evolution

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CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
Biological

Behavioral

Psychodynamic

Humanistic

Cognitive

Evolutionary

Sociocultural

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BIOLOGICAL APPROACH
Neuroscience
nervous system
structure
function
development
genetics
biochemistry

The brain is the physical basis of all thoughts and

emotions
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BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
Environmental Determinants of
Observable Behavior

Reject Explanations
Referencing Thought

Notable Behaviorists
Ivan Pavlov
John Watson
B.F. Skinner

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PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH

Freud

Psychoanalysis
unconscious thought
conflict between biological
drives and demands of
society
early childhood family
experiences

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HUMANISTIC APPROACH

Positive Human Qualities/Potential

Free Will

Notable Humanistic Theorists

Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow

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COGNITIVE APPROACH

Mental Processes
Involved in Knowing

Information
Processing
how humans interpret
incoming info, weigh
it, store it, and apply it

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EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH

Explanations of Human Behavior:

adaptation
reproduction
natural selection

Notable Evolutionary
Psychologist
David Buss

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SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH

Social and Cultural Environments

Differences
between ethnic and cultural
groups
within and across countries

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CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY

Practice / Applied

Research

Teaching

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AREAS OF
SPECIALIZATION Physiological
Health Psychology
Psych / Behavioral
Neuroscience
Clinical & Sensation and
Counseling Perception
Psychology
Industrial /
Organizational Areas Learning
Psychology
Of
Social Psychology Specialization Cognitive
Psychology

Developmental
Personality
Psychology
Psychology

Psychology of Motivation &

Women and Emotion
Gender
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INFLUENCE OF CULTURE
Individualistic Cultures
individuals viewed as
unique and distinct from
their social group
value independence

Collectivistic Cultures
emphasize social group
and the individuals role
within that group
value interdependence
In your opinion, which is a worse character flaw, being a
pathetic door mat or being selfish and mean?
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INFLUENCE OF CULTURE
Individualistic Subjects
prefer to work on tasks that
they have had previous
success with
like to emphasize their
successes

Collectivistic Subjects
prefer to work on tasks that
they have difficulty with
self-critical view

Would you rather work on a hobby that is easy for you, or

difficult?
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HEALTH AND WELLNESS
Mind-Body Connection
how the mind impacts the body
how the body impacts the mind

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CHAPTER REVIEW
Explain what psychology is and describe the positive
psychology movement.

Discuss the roots and early scientific foundations of

psychology.

Summarize the main themes of the seven approaches to

psychology.

Identify areas of specialization and careers in psychology.

Describe the connections between the mind and the

body.

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