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Hematopoeitic

System

dr. Alya Amila Fitrie, M.Kes


dr. Zulham, M.Biomed
Department of Histology
Medical Faculty
North Sumatera University
Blood Cells
Mature blood cells : relatively short life
span continuously replaced with the
progeny of stem cells produced in the
hematopoeitic organs.
STEM CELLS, GROWTH FACTORS
& DIFFERENTIATION
Stem Cells

Stem cells

Pluripotential cells capable of self


renewal

Remain Specific,
stem irreversibly
cells differentiate
d cell types
Pluripotential Hematopoietic
Stem Cells
Migrate from the bone marrow to the lymphoid
organ, where they proliferate : lymphocytes

Lymphoid cells

All blood cells arise from a single type


of stem cell in the bone marrow
pluripotential stem cells

Myeloid cells

Develop in bone marrow : granulocytes,


monocytes, erythrocytes & megakaryocytes
Progenitor & Precursor Cells

Stem cells, pluripotential


cells

Progenitor cells, unipotential


or bipotential cell

Precursor cells The morphologic


characteristics differentiate
for the first time
Mature cells
Differentiation of
pluripotential cells during
hematopoeisis
Hematopoeitic Growth
Factors
Have different chemical composition
& complex
Have overlapping functions
Act mainly by :
1. Stimulating proliferation of immature
cells
2. Supporting the differentiation of
maturing cells
3. Enhancing the functions of mature cells.
Hematopoeitic Growth Factors
(Colony-forming substances)

Name Human Gene Location & Producing Main Biologic Activity


Cells

Granulocyte-CSF Chromosome 17 Stimulates formation of granulocytes.


Enhance metabolism of granulocytes.
Macrophages, Endothelium, Fibroblast Stimulates malignant (leukemic) cells.

Granulocyte + Chromosome 5 Stimulates in vitro and in vivo production


Macrophage (GM- of granulocytes and macrophages.
CSF) T lymphocytes, Endothelium, Fibroblast

Macrophage (M-CSF) Chromosome 5 Stimulates formation of macrophages in


vitro.
Macrophages, Endothelium, Fibroblast Increases antitumor activity of
macrophages.
Interleukin 3 (IL-3) Chromosome 5 Stimulates in vivo and in vitro production
of all myeloid cells.
T lymphocytes

Erythropoeitin (EPO) Chromosome 7 Stimulates red blood cells formation in


vivo and in vitro.
Renal interstisial cells (outer cortex)
BONE MARROW
Found in the medullary
canals of long bones & in the
cavities of cancellous bone.
Two types of bone marrow :
1. Red or hematogenous bone
marrow blood & blood-
forming cells
2. Yellow bone marrow adipose
cells
All newborn red b.m.
Growth : red yellow b.m.
Red Bone Marrow

Composed of : stroma,
hematopoietic cords &
sinusoidal capilarries.
Release of mature blood
cells releasing factors
, e.q. C3,hormone, some
bacterial toxins.
Function : production
blood cells,destruction of
worn-out RBC & storage of
iron derived from the
breakdown of Hb.
The passage of blood cells across a
sinusoid capillary in red bone marrow
MATURATION OF
ERYTHROCYTES
Summary of erythrocyte
maturation

Hemoglobine
concentration
Nuclear volume
gradually
Chromatin
condensation
Extrussion of
pyknotic nucleus
Differentiation of
Erythrocytes
Large cell, lacy chromatin, visible
Proerythroblast nucleoli, basophilic cytoplasm

Basophilic Strongly basophilic cytoplasm,


erythroblast condensed nucleus, no visible
nucleolus
Polychromatophili Appear several colors in the cell
c erytroblast
Condensed nucleus, no basophilic
Orthochromatophil cytoplasm, a uniformly acidophilic
ic erythroblast cytoplas
Small number of polyribosomes,
Reticulocyte nucleus (-)

Erythrocyte Biconcave form, nucleus (-)


GRANULOPOEISIS
Maturation Process of
Granulocytes
1. Cytoplasmic changes : synthesis
of a number of proteins that are
packed in 2 organelles :
azurophilic & specific granules
2. Change in synthetic activity
production of several proteins that
are packed in specific granules
Differentiation of
Granulocytes

Myeloblast

larger, spherical or ovoid nucleus,


Promyelocyte basophilic cytoplasm but, locally
acidophilic (+) as azurophilic granules.

Myelocyte Specific granules <<, Azurophilic >>,


band nucleus

Abundant specific granules,


Metamyelocyte Azurophilics <<, Lobulated nucleus
except basophilia
Granulopoeisis
Stages in the development of
erytrocytes and granulocytes
Section of stimulated
red bone marrow
Section of red bone marrow with a group of
erythropoeitic cells & a group of
neutrophilopoeitic cells
KINETICS OF NEUTROPHIL
PRODUCTION
Kinetics of Neutrophil
Production
MATURATION OF LYMPHOCYTES
& MONOCYTES
Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes
progenitor
migrate cells in the
bone marrow

Thymus full In the bone marrow,


attributes of T lymphocytes
lymphocytes differentiate B
lymphocytes
migrate
T lymphocytes
Peripheral lymphoid
Peripheral lymphoid
populate spesific
organs, B lymphocytes
organs, B
regions of peripheral
inhabit & multiply
lymphocytes inhabitin&
lymphoid organs
their own
multiply special
in their own
compartments
special compartments
Monocytes

Identical to the myeloblast


Monoblas in its morphologic
characteristic
t

up to 18 m, basophilic
Promonocyt cytoplasm, large & slightly
indented nucleus, nucleoli are
e evident
differentiatio
n

Monocyt Macrophage
e
bloodstream --- connective s
tissue
ORIGIN OF PLATELETS
Origin of Platelets

15-50 m, large ovoid nucleus, numerous


nucleoli, cytoplasm homogenous and
basophilic

Differentiation

35-150 m, irregularly lobulated nucleus,


coarse chromatine, no visible nucleoli

Fragmentation of the
cytoplasm of mature
megakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte

A megakaryocyte in a
section of red bone
marrow.
One nucleus
Granular cytoplasm

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