BIODIESEL :

AN ALTERNATE FUEL

Dr. J. P. Nath
Baripada
 What are Biofuels ?
Renewable fuels from bio sources
Include
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Bio-hydrogen
Biogases
 WHY BIOFUELS?

SUSTAINABILITY

POLLUTION THREAT

REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

REGIONAL (RURAL) DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL STRUCTURE & AGRICULTURE

SECURITY OF SUPPLY
 FIRST USE OF PEANUT OIL IN
1895 BY DR RUDOLF DIESEL
The use of vegetable
oils for engine fuels
may seem insignificant
today. But such oils
may become in course
of time as important as
petroleum and the coal
tar products of the
present time."

(1858 1913) 1912

WORLD EXPERIENCE ON
BIODIESEL
 BIODIESEL IN EUROPE

Biodiesel has been produced on an industrial scale in EU

since 1992, largely in response to positive signals from the EU
institutions.
In 2001, it is estimated that some twenty plants produced
around 1 million tonnes, mainly in
Austria,
Belgium,
France,
Germany,
Italy,
Sweden.
Total biodiesel production in 2000 (mt)

France 328,000
Germany 246,000
Italy 78,000
Austria 27,600
Belgium 20,000
Total 700,600

The German biodiesel sector

saw the biggest production
increase of the five countries in
2000. Its growth rate was 31%
with total production of
246,000mt compared with
171,000mt in 1999.
 EU TARGETS FOR BIOFUEL

Biofuel Year Market

Biodiesel 2003 2.3MMT
Biodiesel 2010 8.3MMT
Biodiesel 2000 504 M$
Biodiesel 2007 2.4 B$
Ethanol 2003 8.3 MMT
Ethanol 2010 9.7MMT
Biodiesel growth : 25%/ Year
Germany/Austria-no tax, UK 20% lower tax
Other Countries 0-10% of diesel Tax
 US Lead A Senate Report

Analyze the agricultural sector and macroeconomic impacts of

the Hagel-Johnson renewable energy bill (S.1006)

Requires a minimum percentage of motor vehicle fuel sold in the

U.S. must be renewable fuel.

0.8% in 2002 to 5% by 2012 ( NOW MAY BE 8% )

Renewable fuels are biodiesel, ethanol or other fuel produced
from biomass and biogas.

JMU-07/01
 Biodiesel Production

1,000
900
800
700
600
Mil gal

500
400
300
200
100
0
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Soybeans Other Oils

What US people pay for in a gallon
of diesel
(Dec, 2002)
Retail Price: $1.29 / gallon
Retail Price Rs.16.85 / L
 BIODIESEL vs OTHER ALTERNATE FUELS

DIESEL CNG LNG METHANOL ETHANOL BIODIESEL

___________________________________________________________________________
Vehicle cost 10 5 5 5 5 10
Infrastructure 10 2 5 5 5 10
Safety 7 4 3 1 3 8
Operating range 10 5 10 10 10 10
Operating cost 10 5 7 5 5 7
Reliability 10 7 5 3 3 10
Customer
acceptance 5 8 8 8 9 8
Funding
assistance 1 10 2 0 2 2
Training cost 10 5 5 5 5 10
Fuel availability 10 10 5 5 5 6
Fuel quality 9 5 10 8 8 9
Fuel price
stability 6 8 8 6 6 6

TOTAL 98 74 73 61 66 96 __
 WHAT IS BIODIESEL ?
Biodiesel is vegetable oil processed to
resemble Diesel Fuel

High Cetane
High lubricity
Comparable BTU content
Readily mixes with diesel
Ready to use in diesel run engines
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL

Environment friendly
Clean burning
Renewable fuel
No engine modification
Increase in engine life
Biodegradable and non-toxic
Easy to handle and store
 BIODIESEL

Made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol

Most of the oils, edible & non-edible are suitable

Selection of feed stock based on

* Availability
* Price
* Policy
France,Germany & Italy currently the leaders
 RAW MATERIALS

Rapeseed, the major source (>80%)

Sunflower oil (10%, Italy and Southern France)

Soybean oil (USA & Brazil)

Palm oil (Malaysia)

Linseed, olive oils (Spain)

Cottonseed oil (Greece)

Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil (Austria), Jatropha (Nicaragua &
South Americas), Guang-Pi (China)
 BASIC REACTION

CH2COOR CH2OH R'COOR

| Catalyst | +
CHCOOR 3 ROH CHOH R''COOR
| +
|
CH2COOR R'''COOR
CH2OH

60 Kg 6.78 Kg 0.60Kg 6.5 Kg 58 Kg

Oil Alcohol NaOH Glycerin Biodiesel
 BIODIESEL SPECIFICATIONS
PROPERTIES UNIT DIN 51606 (1997) ASTM (2001)6751

Density g/cm3 0.875-0.90 --

Carbon Residue % mass Max 0.05 Max 0.050
(100%)
Ash Content % mass Max 0.02 Max 0.020
Total Sulfur % mass Max 0.01 Max 0.05
Cetane No. -- Min 49 Min 40
Flash Point 0
C Min 110 Min 100
Copper Corrosion degree 1 No. 3b max
Viscosity, 40 0C mm2/s (cSt) 3.5-5.0 1.9-6.0
Neutralization Value mg Max 0.5 Max 0.8
Free Glycerin % mass Max 0.02 Max 0.02
Total Glycerin % mass Max 0.25 Max 0.24
CFPP Summer (0C) Max 0.0 --
Winter (0C) Max -15 --
 BIODIESEL PROCESS AT
IOC (R&D )

Base catalyzed transesterification of oil

RAW MATERIALS USED

*Rice Bran oil

*Sunflower oil
*Mohuva oil
*Rapeseed oil
*Japtropha oil
* Karanjia oil

SCALE: 100g to 60kg batch

IOC R&D BIODIESEL
PILOT-PLANT
 BIODIESEL-Why Lower Emissions ?

Biodiesel has high cetane

In built Oxygen content
Burns fully
Has no Sulphur
No Aromatics
Complete CO2 cycle
 Emissions Reductions
B20 emissions reductions compared to
petroleum diesel:
Carbon monoxide -20%
Unburned hydrocarbons -30%
Particulate matter -22%
Sulfates -20%
NPAH -50%
Mutagenicity -20%
Environmental Concerns
Emissions by combustion engine (100B)

Emission Reduction (%)

CO 67
HC 30
PM 68
SOOT 50
PAH 85
CO2 100
NOX +/-2--6
S 80-100
 PETRO-DIESEL CO2 CYCLE
13 pounds of fossil CO2 released per gallon burned

Fossil CO2
Release to Atmosphere

Refining

Use in Cars and Trucks

Exploration
 BIODIESEL CO2 CYCLE
No fossil CO2 Released ; No global warming

Renewable CO2

Oil Crops Use in Cars and Trucks

Biodiesel Production
BUS POWERED ALTERNATIVE FUELS
 WIDE ACCEPTANCE

By diesel vehicle industry

Audi BMW Case Claas

Deutz Iseki John Deere Kubota
Massey-Ferguson Mercedes-Benz Nissan
Puegot Renault Same Seat
Skoda Steyr Valmet Volkswagen
Volvo

By the fuel trade; e.g, ELF, Texaco, Shell, Total

By the end-user bus companies, taxi fleets, forestry enterprises,railroad,

boat owners

A total of 128 production sites (capacity 500-120,000 tons/annum)

 LUBRICITY-Major Benefit
LONG TERM ENGINE WEAR EXTENSIVELY STUDIED IN EUROPE & THE US

EXXON STUDY
B20 PROVIDE, SIGNIFICANT, QUANTIFIABLE IMPROVEMENTS IN WEAR
FILM FORMING ABILITY 93% FILM (B20); 32% FILM (DIESEL)

EPA RULE (JAN. 2001) TO BRING DOWN SULFUR CONTENT IN DIESEL

FROM 500 ppm TO 15 ppm BY 2006
LUBRICITY TEST HAVE SHOWN THAT UPTO 2% OF BIODIESEL IS
ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY DISTILLATE FUEL FULLY LUBRICIOUS;
 FUEL CONSUMPTION

Biodiesel contains ~10% oxygen

Brake-specific fuel consumption figures

Petrodiesel 0.43 lb/HP-hr
B20 0.44

B100 0.50
 BIODIESEL IS REALITY NOW

Large number of surveys done

Variety of feed stocks tested
Transesterification developed on commercial scale
Biodiesel specs. By ASTM & others
About 40 million mile testing
Approval by auto OEMs
Tax structure in place in several countries
Future projections firmed up
Legalisations in place in many countries

INDIA HAS TROPICAL ADVANTAGE

ENORMOUS WASTE LANDS & CHEAP FARM LABOUR
BIODIESEL IN INDIA CAN BE SUCCESS STORY
US RAILROAD BIODIESEL

Sierra Railroad in California, oldest company

First to use biodiesel as fuel
1500 locos to be converted
Need 30 million gallon of Biofuels/Year
3.5 lac acres of land farm
3000 additional jobs
Shall meet EPA norms for 2006
 RAIL ROAD TEST PROGRAM ON
BIODIESEL (1999)

4000 HP (2984 KW) gas turbine powered passenger

locomotive
Several Biofuels tested (REE, SME, etc.)
Turbine maintenance cost compared
Energy content, compatibilities, emission, cost compared
to diesel
Emission data studies
Cost/Km/Unit energy (power) calculated
Biodiesel holds future in railroad applications
Remarkable reduction in emission ; Report at www.nrbp.org
 BIODIESEL AND ECONOMY

An increase of $1 per barrel of crude oil prices adds $425 million to our oil
import bill

Oil import constitutes a major part of our trade deficit and has an
enormous impact on our economy and creation of new jobs

The US dept of Energy estimates that each $billion of trade deficit costs
the US 27,000 jobs

Developing a strong market for biodiesel would have tremendous

economic benefits

Investments in biodiesel technology may ensure that we have

transportation fuel options and we will not be so vulnerable
 THE INDIAN SCENE

Annual growth rate ~6% compared to world average of 2%

Oil pool deficit & Subsidies Rs 16,000 crores , Rs 18,440 crores (1996-97)

Current per capita usage of petroleum is absymmaly low (0.1 ton/year)

against 4.0 in Germany or 1.5 tons in Malaysia

Even Malaysias figure would be beyond our paying capacity

Our domestic production would meet only 33% of demand at the end of
10th plan and only 27% by 2010-11

INVESTMENT IN BIOFUELS MAKE STRONG ECONOMIC SENSE

 CAN BIODIESEL WORK IN INDIA?

India with just 2.4% of global area supports more than 16% of the human
population and 17% of the cattle population

India is one of the largest importers of edible oil

Where do we find the oil for biodiesel?

A sustainable source of vegetable oil is to be found before we can think of

biodiesel
 JATROPHA MAY BE THE ANSWER?

According to the Economic Survey (1995-96), Govt of India, of the

cultivable land area about 100-150 million hectares are classified as waste
or degraded land
Jatropha (Jatropha curcas, Ratanjyot, wild castor) thrives on any type of
soil
Needs minimal inputs or management
Has no insect ,pests& not browsed by cattle or sheep
Can survive long periods of drought
Propagation is easy
Yield from the 3rd year onwards and continues for 25-30 years
25% oil from seeds by expelling; 30% by solvent extraction
The meal after extraction an excellent organic manure (38% protein, N:P:K ratio
2.7:1.2:1)
 Jatropha Plantation
Study by Agro-Forestry Federation Maharashtra (1991)

Jatropha is a hardy plant.

Well adopted to arid, semi-arid conditions.
Low fertility and moisture demand.
Grow on stony, shallow or even calcareous
soil.
Propagated through seed or cuttings.
Tolerate to scanty to heavy rainfall.
 Jatropha Plantation
5-6Kg seed / hectare, 2500 plants / hectare
EXPECTED YIELDS
Year after planting Expected yield per ha. Expected yield per ha.
Rainfed Crop (Kg.) Irrigated Crop (Kg.)
1st -- 250
2nd 250 1000
3rd 1000 2500
4th 2000 5000

5th 3000 8000

6th & onwards 4000 12000

 BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA

IF
10 MILLION HECATRES OF WASTE LAND IS BROUGHT UNDER
JATROPHA CULTIVATION
Can yield 15 million tons of seed (@1.5 Tons / Hectare )
4.0 million tons of oil
An equivalent amount of biodiesel, almost one tenth requirement of
diesel in the country
Enormous employment generation potential in rural areas
If only 1 person/family is employed per 5 hectares for jatropha cultivation,
additional 2 million new jobs
200 new extraction units of 250 tpd capacity to crush the seeds
11 Million tons of excellent organic manure
0.4 million tons of technical grade glycerol
 Effect on Rural Economy
Seed price Rs. 4/Kg.
Seed yield 3000Kg / hectare.
5 hectare plantation / family.
60,000 Rs / year income.
Additionally :
Waste lands converted to productive national assets.
Creation of jobs in downstream processing.
GAINFUL employment in rural sector.
Contribution to national energy pool.
INDIAN INITIATIVE ON BIODIESEL

Indian Govt. has taken a serious note of Biodiesel

Planning Commission has set up committees on ;
Product development
Engine studies
Legal regulations
Plantations
Specifications
Marketing
Environmental issues
REPORT PRESENTED
 WHY BIODIESEL IMPORTANT FOR
RAILWAYS

Indian Rail has very large available

land
Bodiesel will help Railways to :
* Improve upon emission norms
* Eventually reduce diesel cost
* Contribute to Environment
protection
 BIODIESEL-INDIAN RAILWAYS
ACTIONS TAKEN
Presentations given to
RDSO
Railway Board
Honable MR
Task force Setup

Indianoil as partner in development testing

supply

PARTNERSHIP OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE