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Chapter 9
-
[H +
][F ]
HF (aq) -
H (aq) + F (aq)
+ Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4
[HF]
HF (aq) H+ (aq) + F- (aq)
Initial (M) 0.50 0.00 0.00
Change (M) -x +x +x
Equilibrium (M) 0.50 - x x x
x2
Ka = = 7.1 x 10-4 Ka << 1 0.50 x 0.50
0.50 - x
x2
Ka = 7.1 x 10-4 x2 = 3.55 x 10-4
0.50 x = 0.019 M
[H+] = [F-] = 0.019 M
pH = -log [H+] = 1.72
[HF] = 0.50 x = 0.48 M
When can I use the approximation?
Ka << 1 0.50 x 0.50
[H+]
Percent ionization = x 100% [HA]0 = initial concentration
[HA]0
Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants
[NH4+][OH-]
Kb =
[NH3]
weak base
Kb
strength
KaKb = Kw
Kw Kw
Ka = Kb =
Kb Ka
15.7
Fractional Ionization of a
Monoprotic Weak Acid
&
The ratios are often called the "alpha (a) of acetate and acetic acid respectively.
Fractional Composition plot for acetic acid
A ( pH )
HA( pH)
0.5
4.75
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
pH
Ka [HA]
[H ] =
+
[A-] Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation
[HA]
-log [H+] = -log Ka - log
[A-] [conjugate base]
- pH = pKa + log
-log [H ] = -log Ka + log
+ [A ] [acid]
[HA]
-
pH = pKa + log [A ] pKa = -log Ka
[HA]
What is the pH of a solution containing 0.30 M HCOOH
and 0.52 M HCOOK?
[NH3] [0.30]
pH = pKa + log pKa = 9.25 pH = 9.25 + log = 9.17
[NH4+] [0.36]
[H3O+] = Ka ([HA]/[A-])
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
In all multicellular organisms, the fluid within the cell and the
fluids surrounding the cells have a characteristic and nearly
constant pH. This pH is maintained in a number of ways, and one
of the most important is through buffer systems.
7.21
In this buffer, carbonic acid (H2CO3) is the hydrogen-ion donor (acid) and
hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3-) is the hydrogen-ion acceptor (base).
CO2(aq) CO2(g)
The concentration of hydrogen carbonate ions is
controlled through the kidneys. Excess hydrogen
carbonate ions are excreted in the urine.
The carbonic acid-hydrogen carbonate ion buffer works throughout the body
to maintain the pH of blood plasma close to 7.40. The body maintains the
buffer by eliminating either the acid (carbonic acid) or the base (hydrogen
carbonate ions). Changes in carbonic acid concentration can be effected
within seconds through increased or decreased respiration. Changes in
hydrogen carbonate ion concentration, however, require hours through the
relatively slow elimination through the kidneys
EXAMPLE: What is the ratio of [H2CO3]/[HCO3-]
in the