RAPID PROTOTYPING METHOD

SELECTION USING MCDM

APPROACH

Under the supervision of

Dr. Saikat Ranjan Maity
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NIT SILCHAR
COMPILED BY:

AYAN CHAKRABORTY (13-1-2-084)
RAHUL (13-1-2-060)

SUDHEER KUMAR RAI (13-1-2-
095)
 INTRODUCTION
Rapid Prototyping (RP) refers to the fabrication of a physical model from Computer aided
design (CAD).
RP can envisaged as an emerging alternative to conventional manufacturing processes during
concept evaluation, rapid tooling and with the advent of new technology being continuously
integrated with the existing RP methods the application has been extended beyond
development of prototypes to manufacturing of fully functional and serviceable parts to be
used in the real world applications.
A wide variety of automated machines and a plethora of process such as
Stereolithography(SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Laminated Object Manufacturing
(LOM), Fused Deposition Moulding (FDM) are available with can be employed with relative
ease. Simplicity of operation, durability of parts, flexibility of parts have led to its widespread
applications.
It has become more and more difficult to see the world around us in a uni-dimensional way
and to use only a single criterion when judging what we see.
Nevertheless, the best selection depends on a wide range of criteria which interact in a
complex way and sometimes are highly inconsistent in nature which makes the judgement
process very difficult. In this study and effort has been made to implement the multiple
criteria decision making (MCDM) approach to reach to an ideal solution in an environment
that is governed by multiple, usually conflicting attributes. The qualitative measures are
normalized and finally the computation is implemented.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
NAME OF THE
AUTHOR
Khrais, S., Hawari, T.A. and
Araidah, O.A. [1]
Masood, S.H. and Soo, A. [2]
Pham, D.T. and Dimov, S.S. [3]
Lokesh, K. and Jain, P.K. [4]
Lan, H., Ting, Y. and Hong, J. [5]
TITLE
A fuzzy logic application for selecting
layered manufacturing techniques
A rule based expert system for rapid
prototyping system selection
Rapid Manufacturing The Technologies
and Applications of Rapid Prototyping and
Rapid Tooling
Selection of rapid prototyping
technology
Decision support system for rapid
prototyping process selection through
integration of fuzzy synthetic evaluation
and an expert system
FINDINGS
Worked on producing prototypes
at low cost and with high
quality.
Employed a rule-based expert
system for selecting an
appropriate RP technology.
Compared RP technologies
based on various criteria such
as layer thickness, system
accuracy, speed of operation
and taxonomy.
Used AHP for selecting the best
RP technology from six different
technologies.
Concentrated on developing a
new method for selecting an
appropriate RP process.
 NAME OF THE
AUTHOR
Braglia, M. and Petroni, A. [6]
S. Vinodh Sakthi Nagaraj Jeya
Girubha [7]
Vimal KEK Vinodh S. Brajesh P.
Muralidharan R. [8]
Behnam Vahdani , M. Zandieh
[9]
Khaled M. Gad El Mola [10]
TITLE
A management-support technique for
the selection of rapid prototyping
technologies
"Application of Fuzzy VIKOR for selection
of rapid prototyping technologies in an
agile environment"
"Rapid prototyping process selection
using multi criteria decision making
considering environmental criteria and its
decision support system"
Two novel FMCDM methods for
alternative-fuel buses selection
Economic Evaluation of Rapid
Prototyping Systems
FINDINGS
Worked on developing a
management support technique
for the selection of RP
technologies.
Proposed the use of a compromise
solution-based MCDM method,
namely VIKOR
Developed a conceptual model
comprising 25 criteria (both
traditional and environmental).
Proposed a fuzzy modified TOPSIS
method which is a suitable
decision making tool for the
manufacturing decisions.
The main objective of this paper is
to analyse the problem of
justifying advanced manufacturing
technologies by using a multiple
criteria decision-making (MCDM)
approach -
 NAME OF THE
AUTHOR
Ahmed M. Romouzy-Ali, Siamak
Noroozi, Philip Sewell, and
Tania Humphries-Smith [11]
Biranchi Narayan Panda,
Bibhuti Bhusan Biswal, B B L V
Deepak [12]
Vikram Shende, Dr. Prafulla
Kulkarni [13]
H.S. Byun K.H. Lee [14]
TITLE
Adopting Rapid Prototyping Technology
within Small and Medium-Sized
Enterprises: The Differences between
Reality and Expectation
Integrated AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS
Approach for the Selection of a Rapid
Prototyping Process under Multi-Criteria
Perspective
Decision Support System for Rapid
Prototyping Process Selection
A decision support system for the
selection of a rapid prototyping process
using the modified TOPSIS method
FINDINGS
attempted to study the existing
Rapid Prototyping (RP) technology
within small- and medium sized
enterprises (SMEs) along with
measuring the need for this
technology.
proposed an integrated Analytic
Hierarchy Process (AHP) and
Technique for Order Preference by
Similarity to Ideal Solution
(TOPSIS) method for the selection
of rapid prototyping system
presented a methodology for
decision support system for rapid
prototyping process selection
which is devided into three stages.
proposed selection of an optimal
RP system in which Evaluation
factors include only the major
attributes that significantly affect
the performance of an RP system
 OBJECTIVES

It is observed from the literature survey that the most of existing systems are
incomplete prototypes that have considered only a limited number of RP
alternatives and criteria.
Another limitation of these systems is the failure to take into account the
inherent vagueness and uncertainty on the descriptions and judgments of RP
processes.
To increase use of RP process and for proper process selection, a decision
support system needs to be developed keeping in view the end use of part. To
fulfill this purpose, the following objectives are set for the present work:

i. To implement hybrid decision making methods in the domain of RP selection

by taking into account grey data in the decision matrix.

ii. To select most efficient decision making method for RP selection using
sensitivity analysis.
 METHODOLOGY OF WORK
DATA COLLECTION FOR RP METHOD SELECTION AND DETERMINATION
OF SET OF ALTERNATIVES

DETERMINATION OF EVALUATION CRITERIA & CONSTRUCTION OF

DECISION MATRIX

COMPUTATION OF WEIGHTED NORMALISED DECISION MATRIX

GREY GREY VIKOR GREY ARAS

TOPSIS
DETERMINATION OF SET DETERMINATION OF SET DETERMINATION
OF PIS AND NIS OF PIS AND NIS OF THE VALUE OF
OPTIMALITY
DETERMINATION OF CALCULATION OF VIKOR FUNCTION
RELATIVE CLOSENESS VALUES AND CRISP
TO IDEAL SOLUTIONS EQUIVALENT CALCULATION OF
UTILITY DEGREE
DETERMINATION OF THE DETERMINATION OF THE
RANK OF ALTERNATIVES RANK OF ALTERNATIVES DETERMINATION
OF THE RANK OF
ALTERNATIVES

NO
Is the best method same for every MCDM method?

YE
S THE BEST RP
SELECTION OF
RAPID PROTOTYPING PROCESSES
SELECTION
RAPID PROTOTYPING
SL.NO METHODS DESCRIPTION

1. Stereolithography (SLA) In this technology, the part is produced in a vat containing a

liquid which is a photo-curable resin acrylate. Under the
influence of light of a specific wavelength, small molecules are
polymerized into larger solid molecules.
2. Fused Deposition Moulding In this technique, a spool of thermoplastic filament is fed into a
(FDM) heated FDM extrusion head. The X and Y movements are
controlled by a computer so that the exact outline of the
prototype is obtained.
3. Laminated Object
Manufacturing (LOM) This technique is especially suited for producing parts from
laminated paper, plastic, metal etc
Several such sections when glued or welded yield the
prototype. The layers are built up by pulling a long, thin sheet
of pre-glued material across the base plate and fixing it in
place with a heated roller that activates the glue.
SL. RAPID PROTOTYPING DESCRIPTION
NO METHODS

4. Solid Ground Curing (SGC) Solid Ground Curing, also known as the Solider Process, is a
process that was invented and developed by Cubital Inc. of
Israel.

5. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) In this method, a thin layer of powder is applied using a
roller. The SLS uses a laser beam to selectively fuse
powdered materials, such as nylon, elastomers and metals
into a solid object

6. Laser Engineered Net Shaping Laser Powder Forming, also known by the proprietary
(LENS) nameLaser engineered net shaping) is anadditive
manufacturingtechnology developed for fabricating metal
parts directly from acomputer-aided design(CAD) solid
model by using a metal powder injected into a molten pool
created by a focused, high-poweredlaserbeam.
Criteria Selection
SL.NO CRITERIA DECRIPTION

1. Production rate Among the above

production rate (C1),
2. Strength strength (C2), Field of
3. Cost Applicability (C4),
Tolerance (C5), Safety (C6)
4. Field Of Applicability are the beneficial criteria
and the higher value of
5. Tolerance the same is desired. The
criteria weights were
6. Safety
determined using the
7. Scrap AHP process and these
weights are mentioned in
the Table in the next slide
Table 1. Criteria Paired Comparison Matrix

CRITERIA WEIGHTS Analytic Hierarchy
PROD. RATE 0.146 Process(AHP) is one of Multi
STRENGTH 0.13 Criteria decision makingmethod
COST 0.19 that was originally developed by
FIELD OF APPL. 0.08
Prof. Thomas L. Saaty. In short, it
TOLERANCE 0.3414
SAFETY 0.0536
is amethodto derive ratio scales
SCRAP 0.0571 from paired comparisons

Table 2. Normalized decision making matrix

ALTERNATI CRITERIA
VES C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

SLA 0.61 0.77 0.7 1 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
7 6 8 4 2 5 6 1 6 0 5
FDM 0.77 1 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.8 1 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9
4 6 4 5 5 3 8 5 6 4 4
LOM 0.55 0.66 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.7 1 0.8 1 0.9 1 0.8 1
6 3 7 4 1 8 4 9
SGC 0.77 1 0.7 1 0.8 1 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.5
7 8 4 5 7 8 7 8 2 7
SLS 0.66 0.83 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.8 1 0.8 0.8
3 6 8 4 1 7 5 1 2 8 4 9
Table 3. Ranking by Grey VIKOR Table 4. Ranking by Grey TOPSIS

PREFERENCE MATRIX Alternativ Grey sum of
es distance Qi Rank
PIS NIS
Alternative ci + RANK
s
SLA 0.5426 5
SLA 0.328644501 0.1424 0.4710827 4
FDM 0.71938 4 3 1
LOM 0.8886 1 FDM 0.319693095 0.1925 0.5121941 5
0 4
SGC 0.7919 2
LOM 0 0.0272 0.0272308 1
SLS 0.2543 6 3 3
LENS 0.7197 3 SGC 0.023017903 0.0209 0.0439647 2
4
SLS 0.5 0.5 1 6
LENS 0.199488491 0.0781 0.2776200 3
3 4
Table 5. Ranking by Grey ARAS
Alternatives So Si K Rank
SLA 1.222336 0.611168 0.721105 5
FDM 1.498217 0.749109 0.883858 3
LOM 1.695087 0.847544 1 1
SGC 1.604989 0.802495 0.946848 2
SLS 1.05028 0.52514 0.619602 6
LENS 1.411188 0.705594 0.832517 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:
According to the results obtained by comparing the various alternatives
against the pre-determined performance parameters. It was found that
Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) was the best alternative.
This was primarily because of the relative simplicity and phenomenal level
of precision achieved in the application of the LOM approach to the various
real world problems.
Since the RP methods are primarily used for having the competitive
advantage the LOM process is much faster than the other competitive
techniques as the laser needs to go around a periphery of the cross section
instead of scanning the entire area.
The LOM systems can be branched out to accommodate various advanced
systems which use layers of paper and plastic. Removal is simplified by
programming the layer to burn the perforations in crisscrossed patterns.
CONCLUSION:
Determination of an optimum and effective RP method is of primal
importance since the users requirements are becoming increasingly
competitive and sophisticated. In order to obtain the competitive
advantage the firms must apply an effective method and select suitable
criteria for RP process selection.
In recent times, the adoption of economic and multi-attribute decision
approaches are called upon to aid in breaking down, analysing,
communicating, and synthesizing the nature of the justification problem,
and hopefully lead to the best decision under the circumstances.
This project proposed a method which encompasses the use of AHP for
the determination of the criteria weights, along with Grey TOPSIS, VIKOR
& ARAS for prioritizing the alternatives.
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