RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM
Respirationis a chemical
reaction that happens in
all living cells, including
plant cells and animal
cells. It is the way that
energy is released from
glucose so that all the
 Gas Exchange in Plants
Stomata - the epidermis of the leaf is perforated with pores.
Guard Cells a single stomata is formed by two specialized cells
curved surfaces face each other, forming a slit-like opening
through which gas pass in and out of the leaf. Responsible for
opening and closing of the stomata and therefore control the gas
exchange in plants.

Gua
rd
Gas Exchange in Animals
Direct Diffusion
Unicellular organisms like
amoeba and paramecium
resort to direct diffusion of
oxygen and carbon dioxide AMOEBA
through the plasma
membrane. Dissolved oxygen PARAMECIUM
in the surrounding water
which is in higher
concentration than the cells
body diffuses across the
Gas Exchange in Animals
Use of Gills
Large animals use gills for
gas exchange. Gills contain
blood vessels which carry
the oxygen from the
surrounding water to the
cells carbon dioxide from the
cells to the water. Oxygen
diffuses from the water
across the moist gill surface
 Gas Exchange in Animals
Tracheal System
Tracheal system are found in insect. Air
enters the body through the opening at
the side of the abdomen called
spiracles which lead to a system of
tubes called tracheae. Tracheae are
subdivided into two smaller tube called
tracheoles containing a fluid which
makes the inner surface of the tube
moist that is necessary for diffusion to
take place. Air is brought directly to the
body cells by the tubes. Circulatory
system plays no part in gas transport.
 Gas Exchange in Animals
Book Lungs
These are found in
spiders. Each lung
has a number of leaf-
like folds. Air enter the
book lungs through a
pair of slit-like openings
on the under surface of
the abdomen. Gas
exchange takes place
 Gas Exchange in Animals
Lung System
Terrestrial
vertebrates use
lungs for gas
exchange. Air enters In amphibians, the air passes through the mo
through the nostrils
which usually leads
to a nasal cavity
which opens to the
mouth or pharynx.
In higher vertebrates, the air passes through the p
 Gas Exchange in Animals
Lung System
The air then enters through the glottis
(a flaplike structure, which is an
opening at the floor of the pharynx.
The glottis leads to the larynx (voice- glottis
box or adams apple ), to the
trachea(windpipe), to the bronchi and
into the lungs.
Blood vessels line the lungs . These
absorbed the oxygen in the lungs and
release carbon dioxide into the lungs.
Lungs are made up of spongy tissues
divided into many air sacs called alveoli
 Gas Exchange in Animals
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Dark red blood (poor in oxygen and rich in carbon
dioxide) is carried to the heart from all parts of
the body. This is pumped by the heart into the
pulmonary arteries to the lungs. The blood ends
up in a capillary(network of tiny blood vessels)
surrounding the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses from the
air space into the blood stream through the thin
lining of the alveolus. The blood stream becomes
bright red (oxygen rich) which move on through
the capillary into the pulmonary veins back to
the heart. At the same time that oxygen diffusion
taking place, carbon dioxide is diffusing from the
blood into the air space.
Breathing Mechanism
Breathing refers to the process of inhaling and
exhaling air. Mans respiratory system is inside
the chest cavity. This is enveloped by the ribs
(skeletons that encloses and protects the lungs
from external injury) and diaphragm ( a dome-
shaped muscular partition that separates the
thorax from the abdominal cavity.

ribs
diaphragm
Breathing Mechanism
Contraction of the diaphragm muscles make it go
down, thereby enlarging the chest activity. Chest
muscles are attached to the ribs and the
contraction brings the ribs upward and forward
thereby enlarging the chest cavity. As a result , air
pressure inside the cavity is less then that outside
the body, so the air outside rushes into the lungs.
This is inhaling or breathing in.
Breathing Mechanism
When the rib muscles and diaphragm muscle
relax , the chest cavity becomes smaller. As a
result, air pressure inside the chest cavity is
greater than the outside the body, so the air inside
the rushes out. This is exhaling or breathing out.
Breathing Mechanism
Breathing is alternate inhaling and exhaling
movements.
 Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

The diseases of the respiratory system can affect any part of the
respiratory tract and range from trivial to life-threatening. The nasal
passages and pharynx are targets for the viruses membranes. The immune
system fights back by increasing blood flow to the area, bringing numerous
virus-attacking white blood cells to the scene; this cause the membranes to
swell, resulting in the stuffy nose associated with colds. Mucous secretions
increase in response to the viral attack, creating the runny nose typical of
colds. The infection can spread to the sinuses, the membrane-line cavities
in the head, as well as the lower respiratory tract and the middle ear.
The respiratory system is also subject to allergic reactions such a hay fever
and asthma, brought abut when the immune system is stimulated by
pollen, dust, or other irritants. Hay fever is characterized by a runny nose,
water eyes, and sneezing. I t usually occurs seasonally in response to
abundant pollen in the air.
 Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Asthma
-Is a breathing problem that makes it more
difficult for a person to get air in and out of
his lungs.
When a person has asthma, the breathing
tubes are sensitive.
They may react to air pollution, smoke,
pollen dust, allergies, or other triggers.
The breathing tubes may tighten,
becoming inflamed and swollen. That
makes it harder for a person to breathe
fresh and exhale air out
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Asthma
For many people, a tendency to asthma may be inherited.
Other factors may involved such as smoking, allergies, and
some medications can make asthma worse.
 Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Acute Bronchitis
-is an infection of the bronchial tree. The
bronchial tree is made of the tubes that carry
air into the lungs. When these tubes get
infected, they swell and mucus forms. This
makes it hard for a person to breathe. The
person may cough up mucus and many wheeze.
Almost always caused by viruses that attack
the lining of the bronchial tree and cause
infection.
In most cases, the same viruses that cause
colds cause acute bronchitis.
Bacterial infection is much less common in
bronchitis.
Very rarely, an infection caused by a fungus
can cause acute bronchitis.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Emphysema
In emphysema the alveolar tissue
partially destroyed and the remaining
alveoli are weakened and enlarge.
The bronchioles collapse on
exhalation, trapping air in the alveoli.
Emphysema is a noncontiguous
disease that results from multiple
factors, including a genetic
predisposition to the condition, smog,
cigarette smoke, and infection.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Laryngitis
An inflammation of the larynx, is caused by a viral
infection such as cigarette smoke, or by overuse
of the voice.
Laryngitis may cause hoarseness, or the voice
may be reduced to a whisper until the
inflammation subsides.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Lung Cancer
Develops in individuals with a genetic
predisposition to the disease who are
exposed to cancer-causing agents, such as
tobacco, smoke , asbestos, and uranium.
Cancerous tumors may start in the bronchi,
bronchioles, or in the alveolar lung tissue.
If the lung cancer is detected before the
cancer has spread to other parts of the
body, treatments are more effective , and
the prognosis for full recovery is good.
Unfortunately, 85 % of lung cancer cases are
diagnosed after the cancer has spread, and
for these cases, the prognosis is very poor.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Meningococcemia
Is the presence of meningococcus in the
blood stream. Meningcoccus, a bacteria
formally called Neisseria meningitides,
can be one of the most dramatic and
rapidly fatal of all infectious diseases.
The bacteria , which can spread from
person to person usually first causes a
colonization in the upper air way, but no
symptoms. From there, it can penetrate
into the bloodstream to the central
nervous system and cause meningitis or
develop into a full blown bloodstream
infection (meningococcemia)
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Meningococcemia
After colonization is established, symptoms
can be develop within one day to one to
weeks. After a short period of time when the
patient complains of fever and muscles aches,
more severe symptoms can develop.
After this initial period , the patient will often
continued fever, shaking chills, overwhelming
weakness, and even a feelings of impending
doom.
The severity of the illness and its dire
complications are caused by the damage the
organism does to the small blood vessel
walls. This damage called a vasculitis,
inflammation of a blood vessel.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Meningococcemia
The first signs of the infections severity are
small bleeding spots seen on the skin petechiae.
Within hours, the blood vessel damage increases
and large bleeding areas on the skin (purpura)
are seen . The same changes are taking place in
the affected persons internal organ. The blood
pressure is often blow and there may be a signs
of bleeding from other organs (like coughing
blood, nose bleeds, blood in the urine).
If the clotting occurs in the larger arteries, it
results in major tissue damage. Essentially the
areas of the skin, muscles, and internal organs
die from lack of blood and oxygen. Even if the
disease is quickly diagnosed and treated, the
patient has a high risk of dying.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Pertussis(Whopping Cough)
Is an infection of the respiratory tract
caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria.
This is a very contagious infection and can
be quite serious. People become infected
wit the Boedetella pertussis bacteria by
inhaling contaminated droplets from an
infected persons cough or sneeze. Once
inside the airways, pertussis bacteria
produce chemical substances (toxins) that
interfere with the respiratory tracts normal
ability to eliminate the germs. Pertussis
bacteria also produce chemicals that cause
inflammation, damaging the lining of the
breathing passages.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Pleurisy
-is an inflammation of the pleura(the lining of
the lungs), with subsequent pain.
The main symptom is pain over the chest
wall at the site of the inflammation.
The normal smooth pleural surfaces-
roughened by inflammation- rub together
with each breath, and may produce rough ,
grating sound called friction rub.
Fluid often accumulates at the site of pleural
inflammation. A localized collection of fluid
separates the lung pleura from the chest
wall, causing the chest pain to disappear
even though the illness may be worsening.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Pneumonia
Is an inflammation and infection
of the lungs.
In infectious pneumonia, bacteria
, viruses , fungi or other
organisms attack the lungs,
leading to inflammation that
makes it hard to breathe.
Pneumonia can affect one or both
lungs. Infection of both lungs is
referred to as double pneumonia.
 Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Pneumonia
Pneumonia follows a common cold or flu, but it
also can be associated with other illnesses or
occur on its own.
Signs and symptoms of pneumonia vary
greatly, depending on any underlying
conditions the person may have and the type
or organism causing infection.
Pneumonia can be cause by bacteria (like the
Chlamydia), viruses, mycoplasma(tiny
organism), fungi (like the Histoplasm
acapsulatum) and pneumocystis carinii (the
most common opportunistic infection affecting
Americans with AIDS).
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

-Is the name for a cluster of symptoms
that indicate severe malfunctioning of the
lungs.
In infants, RDS is termed Infant
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS).
Commonly found in premature infants,
IRDS results when the alveoli requires a
chemical called surfactant, but in many
premature infants , the alveoli are not
developed enough to produce this vital
substance. IRDS is treated by
administering air and surfactant on their
own .
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

Adult Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (ARDS) results when
lungs are severely injured, for
example , in an automobile
accident, by poisonous gases,
or as a response to
inflammation in the lungs.
ARDS is a life-threatening
condition with a survival rate
of 50 %.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System
Severe Acute Respiratory System (SARS)
-Is a vital respiratory illness caused
by a coronavirus, called SARS-
associated coronavirus(SARS-Cov).
First reported in Asia in February
2003. Over the next few months,
the illness spread to more than
two dozen countries in North
America, Europe, and Asia before
the SARS global outbreak of 2003
was contained.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System
Severe Acute Respiratory System (SARS)
SARS begins with a high fever
(temperature greater than 100.4 F
[greater than 38.0 C]. Other
symptoms may include headache, an
overall feeling of discomfort, and
body aches. Some people also have
mild respiratory symptoms at the
outset. About 10 % to 20 % of
patients have diarrhea. After 2 to 7
days , SARS patients may develop a
dry cough. Most patients develop
pneumonia.
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System
Severe Acute Respiratory System (SARS)
The main way that the SARS seems to
spread is by close person to person contact.
The viruses that causes SARS is thought to
be transmitted most readily by respiratory
droplets (droplets spread) produced when
an infected person coughs or sneezes. The
virus also can spread when a person
touches a surface of object contaminated
with the infectious droplets and them
touches his or her mouth, nose, or eye(s).In
addition, it is possible that the SARS virus
might spread more broadly through the air
(airborne spread) or by other ways that are
not known).
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Tuberculosis
- Is caused by a bacterium that attacks
the lungs and sometimes other body
tissues as well.
If the infections in the lungs are left
untreated, the disease destroys lung
tissue.
In the past, antibiotics have controlled
tuberculosis, but recently, new
antibiotic-resistant strains of
tuberculosis bacterium have evolved.
These new strains now pose a
significant public health problem.