PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

NATIONAL CENTER FOR TEACHER EDUCATION

TAFT AVENUE, MANILA

ELECTRICITY
and
MAGNETISM
Prepared by: Joshua P. Caberte
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE EDUCATION WITH SPECIALIZATION IN CHEMISTRY

For Classroom Use Only

HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED
(1777- 1851)
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
BORN: August 14, 1777
(Small Town of Rudkbing
The Island of Langeland,
Denmark)
DIED: March 9, 1851 (73)
(Copenhagen Suburb of
Noerrebro)
NATIONALITY: Danish
MOTHER: Karen Hermandsen
(housewife)
FATHER: Soeren Christian Oersted
(pharmacist)
SIBLINGS: Anders Oersted
 ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
Early Education
Home Schooling and Private
Tutors
Tertiary Education
University of Copenhagen
(1793)
Doctoral Degree
University of Copenhagen (1799)
"The Architectonics of Natural Metaphysics"
NOTABLE AWARD
The British Royal Society awarded
Oersted the 1820 Copley Medal, the
greatest prize in science, for his
discovery of electromagnetism.
ORGANIZATIONS: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1822)
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1849)
 CONTRIBUTION IN SCIENCE
SIGNIFICANT DATE: April 21, 1820

Discovery: During a lecture, ersted noticed acompassneedle deflected

from magnetic north when an electric current from a battery was switched
on and off, confirming a direct relationship between electricity and
magnetism.

Initial Interpretation: Magnetic effects radiate from all sides of a wire carrying
an electric current, as do light and heat.

Intensive Investigations (3 months) : Published findings showing an electric

current produces a circular magnetic field as it flows through a wire.
EXPERIMENT SET UP
 Continua
tion:
CONTRIBUTION IN SCIENCE
ISSUE: In 1802 two Italian newspapers carried accounts from
Gian Domenico Romagnosi of a magnetic needle deflecting
near a battery he had built.

Looking at his method, Romagnosis experiment did not involve

a complete electric circuit, so electric current could not have
flowed. Without current, there can have been no
electromagnetic effect.

The needle in Romagnosis experiment was probably deflected

by a build-up of static electric charges on the needle; the
 TRIVIA
SIGNIFICANT YEAR: 1825

DISCOVERY OF ALUMINUM:

ersted made a significant contribution toCHEMISTRYby

producingALUMINUMfor the first time. While an
ALUMINIUM-IRON ALLOY had previously been developed by
British scientist and inventorHumphry Davy, ersted was the
FIRST TO ISOLATE THE ELEMENT VIA A REDUCTION
OFALUMINIUM CHLORIDE.
MORAL IMPLICATION
There are certain instances that issues risen as like the most
of scientists were involved. In most of the cases, certain
experiment was done but does not work, so as a result a
better experiment was done to further get the desired
results so as giving the credit to the one who do the same
experiment.

ATTAINED THE VALID DESIRED RESULTS WITH THE

BEST POSSIBLE EXPERIMENT
JOSEPH HENRY
(1797- 1878)
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
BORN: December 17, 1797
(Albany,New York, U.S. )
DIED: May 13, 1878(aged80)
(Washington, D.C., U.S. )
NATIONALITY: American
MOTHER: Ann Alexander Henry
FATHER: William Henry (laborer on
boats sailing)
FIELDS: Physics and Aeronautics
SPOUSE: Hariet Henry
CHILDREN: William Alexander
(18321862)
Mary Anna (18341903)
Helen Louisa (18361912)
 ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
Early Education
School in Galway:
"Joseph Henry Elementary School"
Tertiary Education
The Albany Academy (1819)
*Appointed a professor of mathematics and
natural philosophy there in 1828
 NOTABLE YEARS
1826 Professor of mathematics and natural philosophy atThe
Albany Academy, New York.
1832 Professor at Princeton.
1835 Invented the electromechanicalrelay.
1846 First secretary of theSmithsonian Institutionuntil 1878
1848 EditedEphraim G. Squierand Edwin H. Davis'Ancient
Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, the Institution's first
publication.
1852 Appointed to theLighthouse Board
1871 Appointed chairman of the Lighthouse Board
 CONTRIBUTION IN SCIENCE
EXPERIMENTS:
First to coil insulated wire tightly around an iron core in order
to make a more powerfulelectromagnet.
Built the strongest electromagnet at the time forYale
Showed that, when making an electromagnet using just
twoelectrodesattached to a battery, it is best to wind several
coils of wire in parallel, but when using a set-up with multiple
batteries, there should be only one single long coil. The latter
made thetelegraphfeasible.
1831- Created one of the first machines to use
electromagnetism for motion. This was the earliest ancestor of
modernDC motor. property ofself inductance
 TRIVIA
As a famous scientist and director of the Smithsonian
Institution, Henry received visits from other scientists and
inventors who sought his advice. Henry was patient, kindly, self-
controlled, and gently humorous. One such visitor
wasAlexander Graham Bell, who on 1 March 1875 carried a
letter of introduction to Henry. Henry showed an interest in
seeing Bell's experimental apparatus, and Bell returned the
following day. After the demonstration, Bell mentioned his
untested theory on how to transmit human speech electrically
by means of a "harp apparatus" which would have several
steel reeds tuned to different frequencies to cover the voice
spectrum. Henry said Bell had "the germ of a great
invention". Henry advised Bell not to publish his ideas until he
MORAL IMPLICATION
A famous person may arrived and invent a thing or a product
through the help of a more professional personalities. Just like
in the story of the invention of the telephone. With the help of
Joseph Henry, Alexander Graham Bell was able to proceed to
his work through the help of Henry. Thus, giving the
impression that sharing of idea is a good attitude and
attribute that a professional can perceived.
MICHAEL FARADAY
(1791 1867)
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
BORN: September 22, 1791
(London, England, UK)
DIED: August 25, 1867(aged
75)
(London )
MOTHER: Margaret Faraday
FATHER: James Faraday
FIELDS: Physics and Chemistry
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
Basic Education
Attended a LOCAL SCHOOL
Turning Point of FARADAYS LIFE:
*He was promoted to become an
apprentice bookbinder
*Michael Faradays Career at the
Royal Institution
 NOTABLE EVENTS
March 1, 1813:
Faraday began work at the Royal Institution of
Great Britain at the age of 21.His salary was good,
and he was given a room in the Royal Institutions
attic to live in. He was destined to be associated
with the Royal Institution for 54 years, ending up
as a Professor of Chemistry. Faradays job as a
chemical assistant was to prepare apparatus for
the experiments and the lectures at the Royal
Institution.
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
1821: Discovery of Electromagnetic Rotation
This is a glimpse of what would eventually develop into
the electric motor, based on Hans Christian Oersteds
discovery that a wire carrying electric current has
magnetic properties.
1831: Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction
This was an enormously important discovery for the
future of both scienceand technology. Faraday
discovered that a varying magnetic field causes
electricity to flow in an electric circuit.
1834: Faradays Laws of Electrolysis
Faraday was one of the major players in the founding of
the new science of electrochemistry. This is the science
 Continua
tion:
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
1836: Invention of the Faraday Cage
Faraday discovered that when an electrical conductor
becomes charged, all of the extra charge sits on the
outside of the conductor. This means that the extra
charge does not appear on the inside of a room or cage
made of metal.
1845: Discovery of the Faraday Effect a magneto-
optical effect
This was another vital experiment in the history of
science, the first to link electromagnetism and light a
link finally described fully by James Clerk Maxwells
equations in 1864, which established that light is an
 TRIVIA
1845: Discovery of Diamagnetism as a Property of all Matter
Most people are familiar withferromagnetism the type shown
by normal magnets.
The frog is slightly diamagnetic. The diamagnetism
opposes a magnetic field in this case a very strong
magnetic field and the frog floats because of magnetic
repulsion.
Faraday discovered that all substances
arediamagnetic most are weakly so some are
strongly so.

Diamagnetism opposes the direction of an applied

MORAL IMPLICATION
A certain experiment was done
unconsciously and consciously but most
of the time through a good and critical
thinking, a person may arrived to a better
understanding of why does a certain
phenomenon was done in order for us to
explained its concepts.
NIKOLA TESLA
(1856-1943)
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
BORN: 1856
Croatian town of Smiljan
(AustrianEmpire)
DIED: January 1943(age of 86)
(New York City )
FIELDS: Physics and Engineering
Serbian-American engineer and
inventor who is highly regarded in
energy history for his development of
alternating current (AC) electrical
systems.
 ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
EARLY Life and Education
Nikola Tesla was born in the Croatian town of Smiljan
(Austrian Empire) in 1856 to a priest father. He studied
Electrical Engineering at the Austrian Polytechnic in Graz
and later attended the Charles-Ferdinand University in
Prague. Unfortunately his father died early, and he had
to leave the university after completing only one term.

Tesla accepted a job under Tivadar Pusks in a Budapest

telegraph company in 1880. He was later promoted to
chief electrician and later engineer for the company. He
later moved to Paris to work for the Continental Edison
NOTABLE EVENTS
SIGNIFICANT YEAR: 1885
After moving to New York, United
States, Tesla worked for Thomas Alva
Edison, but the two did not get along well.
He started working with George
Westinghouse. There, he devised an
electrical distribution system that
employed alternating current (AC).
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
1891: Tesla made public the first successful wireless
energy transfer to power electronic devices.
1893: Probably Teslas most important contribution to energy
history is the use of alternating current (AC). The
Westinghouse Electric Company was the first implement
this technology by lighting the World Colombian Exposition
in Chicago . It proved to be a more efficient and effective
method as compared to the direct current (DC) system of
Edison to transport electricity in a grid. The technology
quickly became the basis for most modern electricity
distribution systems. Besides the AC system, Tesla helped
in the development of generators and turbine design. The
TRIVIA
*Nikola Tesla continued his research
work on electricity generation and
turbine design in his later life. Even at 81,
he claimed to have completed a
dynamic theory of gravity
something which was never published.
*He died in New York City of a heart
thrombus in January 1943. He was 86
years old.
MORAL IMPLICATION
Apprenctice ship is a better way to get
some sort of experience in order to gained
acceptable and valid practices. Through
careful analysis and observation there
comes a times that you will be able to
gained some sort of concepts that
everyone have.
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
(18311879)
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
BORN: 13 June 1831
(Edinburgh, Scotland)
DIED: 5 November 1879
(aged48)
(Cambridge, England )
NATIONALITY: Scottish
CITIZENSHIP: British
FIELDS: Physics and
Mathematics
 ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
Institutions
University of Edinburgh, 1847
50
University of Cambridge,
185056
Marischal College, Aberdeen,
*Recognising
185660 the potential of the young boy,
Maxwell's mother London,
King's College, Frances
1860 took
responsibility
65 for James's early education,
which in theVictorian erawas largely the
job of the woman of the house
NOTABLE EVENTS
Knownfor:
Maxwell's equations
Maxwell distribution Notable awards:
Maxwell's demon Smith's Prize(1854)
Maxwell's discs Adams Prize(1857)
Maxwell speed Rumford
distribution Medal(1860)
Maxwell's theorem
Keith Prize(1869
Maxwell material
Generalized Maxwell 71)
model
Displacement
current
Maxwell coil
Maxwell's wheel
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
Maxwell had studied and commented on electricity and
magnetism as early as 1855 when his paperOn Faraday's
lines of forcewas read to theCambridge Philosophical
Society.The paper presented a simplified model of
Faraday's work and how the two phenomena were related.
He reduced all of the current knowledge into a linked set
ofdifferential equationswith 20 equations in 20 variables.
This work was later published asOn Physical Lines of
Forcein March 1861.
Around 1862, while lecturing at King's College,
Maxwell calculated that the speed of propagation of an
 Continua
tion:
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
Working on the problem further, Maxwell showed that
theequationspredict the existence of waves
ofoscillating electric and magnetic fields that travel
through empty space at a speed that could be predicted
from simple electrical experiments; using the data
available at the time, Maxwell obtained a velocity of
310,740,000 metres per second (1.0195109ft/s).
In his 1864 paperA Dynamical Theory of the
Electromagnetic Field, Maxwell wrote, "The agreement
of the results seems to show that light and magnetism
are affections of the same substance, and that light is an
electromagnetic disturbance propagated through the
 Continua
tion:
CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE
Maxwell also introduced the concept of
theelectromagnetic fieldin comparison to force lines
that Faraday described. By understanding the
propagation of electromagnetism as a field emitted by
active particles, Maxwell could advance his work on
light. At that time, Maxwell believed that the
propagation of light required a medium for the waves,
dubbed the luminiferous aether.
Moreover, it seemed to require an absoluteframe of
referencein which the equations were valid, with the
distasteful result that the equations changed form for a
moving observer.
 TRIVIA
He is a very happy man, and has improved much since
the weather got moderate; he has great work with
doors, locks, keys, etc., and "show me how it doos" is
never out of his mouth. He also investigates the hidden
course of streams and bell-wires, the way the water gets
from the pond through the wall...
At eight he could recite long passages of Milton and
the whole of the 119th psalm (176 verses). Indeed, his
knowledge of scripture was already very detailed; he
could give chapter and verse for almost any quotation
from the psalms.
MORAL IMPLICATION

IF A CERTAIN THING COMES IN YOUR MIND,

PURSUE IT .
 REFERENCES:
"Mechanical conservation of energy / Maxwell's wheel"(PDF).
PHYWE Laboratory Experiments: Physics. RetrievedOCTOBER
9, 2016
Retrieved October 9, 2016 from http://
siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/henry/joseph-henrys-life
Retrieved October 9, 2016 from www.rare-earth-magnets.com
Retrieved October 9, 2016"A
Brief History of Electromagnetism"(PDF).