Chapter 1 Concepts of Motion

Pickup PSE3e
Photo from page 2, snowboarder jump.

Chapter Goal: To introduce the fundamental

concepts of motion.
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Chapter 1 Preview

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Chapter 1 Preview

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 Four basic types of motion
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Making a Motion Diagram

Consider a movie of a
moving object.
A movie camera takes
photographs at a fixed
rate (i.e., 30 photographs
every second).
Each separate photo is
called a frame.
The car is in a different
position in each frame.
Shown are four frames in
a filmstrip.

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Making a Motion Diagram

Cut individual frames of the filmstrip apart.

Stack them on top of each other.
This composite photo shows an objects position at
several equally spaced instants of time.
This is called a motion diagram.

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Examples of Motion Diagrams

An object that has a single position in a motion

diagram is at rest.
Example: A stationary ball on the ground.

An object with images that are equally spaced is

moving with constant speed.
Example: A skateboarder rolling down the sidewalk.

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Examples of Motion Diagrams

An object with images that have increasing distance

between them is speeding up.
Example: A sprinter starting the 100 meter dash.

An object with images that have decreasing distance

between them is slowing down.
Example: A car stopping for a red light.

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Examples of Motion Diagrams

A motion diagram can show more complex motion in

two dimensions.
Example: A jump shot from center court.
In this case the ball is
slowing down as it rises,
and speeding up as it falls.

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Position and Time

In a motion diagram it is useful

to add numbers to specify where
the object is and when the object
was at that position.
Shown is the motion diagram of
a basketball, with 0.5 s intervals
between frames.
A coordinate system has been
added to show (x, y).
The frame at t 0 is frame 0, when the ball is at the origin.
The balls position in frame 4 can be specified with
coordinates (x4, y4) (12 m, 9 m) at time t4 2.0 s.
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Position as a Vector

Another way to locate the ball is to draw an arrow from the

origin to the point representing the ball.
You can then specify the length and direction of the arrow.
This arrow is called the position
vector of the object.
The position vector is
an alternative form of
specifying position.
It does not tell us
anything different than
the coordinates (x, y).

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Tactics: Vector Addition

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Vector Addition Example: Displacement

Sam is standing 50 ft east of the corner of 12th Street and

Vine. He then walks northeast for 100 ft to a second
point. What is Sams change of position?
Sams initial position is the
vector .
Vector is his position after
he finishes walking.
Sam has changed position,
and a change in position is
called a displacement.
His displacement is the
vector labeled .

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Definition of Displacement

The displacement of an object as it moves from

an initial position to a final position is

The definition of involves vector subtraction.

With numbers, subtraction The negative of a vector.
is the same as the addition
of a negative number.
Similarly, with vectors

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Tactics: Vector Subtraction

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Time Interval

Its useful to consider a

change in time.
An object may move from an
initial position at time ti to a
final position at time tf.

A stopwatch is used to measure a time

interval.

Different observers may choose different coordinate

systems and different clocks, however, all observers
find the same values for the displacement and the
time interval t.
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Average Speed, Average Velocity
To quantify an objects fastness
or slowness, we define a ratio:

Average speed does not

include information about
direction of motion.
The average velocity of an
object during a time interval t,
in which the object undergoes
The victory goes to the runner with
the highest average speed.
a displacement , is the
vector:

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Motion Diagrams with Velocity Vectors

The velocity vector is in the same direction as the

displacement .
The length of is directly proportional to the length of .
Consequently, we may label the vectors connecting the
dots on a motion diagram as velocity vectors .
Below is a motion diagram for a tortoise racing a hare.
The arrows are average velocity vectors.
The length of each arrow represents the average speed.

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EXAMPLE 1.2 Accelerating Up a Hill

Motion diagram of a car accelerating up a hill.

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Acceleration
Sometimes an objects velocity is constant as it moves.
More often, an objects velocity changes as it moves.
Acceleration describes a change in velocity.
Consider an object whose velocity changes from to
during the time interval t.
The quantity is the change in velocity.
The rate of change of velocity is called the average
acceleration:

The Audi TT accelerates from 0 to 60

mph in 6 s.
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Tactics: Finding the Acceleration Vector

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Tactics: Finding the Acceleration Vector

Notice that the acceleration vectors goes beside the

dots, not beside the velocity vectors.
That is because each acceleration vector is the
difference between two velocity vectors on either side
of a dot.
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Speeding Up or Slowing Down?

When an object is speeding up, the acceleration and

velocity vectors point in the same direction.
When an object is slowing down, the acceleration
and velocity vectors point in opposite directions.
An objects velocity is constant if and only if its
acceleration is zero.
In the motion diagrams
to the right, one object
is speeding up and the
other is slowing down,
but they both have
acceleration vectors
toward the right.

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Tactics: Determining the Sign of the Position,
Velocity, and Acceleration

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Tactics: Determining the Sign of the Position,
Velocity, and Acceleration

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Tactics: Determining the Sign of the Position,
Velocity, and Acceleration

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Position-versus-Time Graphs
Below is a motion diagram, made at 1 frame per minute,
of a student walking to school.

A motion diagram is one way to represent the students

motion.
Another way is to make a graph of x versus t for the
student:

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Example 1.7 Interpreting a Position Graph

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Example 1.7 Interpreting a Position Graph

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Example 1.9 Launching a Weather Rocket

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Example 1.9 Launching a Weather Rocket

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Example 1.9 Launching a Weather Rocket

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Example 1.9 Launching a Weather Rocket

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Units
Science is based on experimental measurements,
and measurements require units.
The system of units in science is called le Systme
Internationale dunits or SI units.
The SI unit of time is the
second, abbreviated s.
1 s is defined as the time
required for 9,192,631,770
oscillations of the radio wave
absorbed by a cesium-133 atom. An atomic clock at the National Institute of
Standards and Technology is the primary
standard of time.
The SI unit of length is the meter, abbreviated m.
1 m is defined as the distance traveled by light in a
vacuum during 1/299,292,458 of a second.

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Units
The SI unit of mass is the
kilogram, abbreviated kg.
1 kg is defined as the mass of
the international standard
kilogram, a polished platinum-
iridium cylinder stored in Paris.
Many lengths, times, and
masses are either much less or
much greater than the
standards of 1 m, 1 s, and 1 kg.
We use prefixes to denote
various powers of 10, which
make it easier to talk about
quantities.

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Unit Conversions
It is important to be able to
convert back and forth between
SI units and other units.
One effective method is
to write the conversion
factor as a ratio equal to one.
Because multiplying by 1 does
not change a value, these ratios
are easily used for unit conversions.
For example, to convert the length 2.00 feet to
meters, use the ratio:
So that:

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Assessment
When problem solving, it is important to decide whether or
not your final answer makes sense.
For example, if you are working a
problem about automobile speeds
and reach an answer of
35 m/s, is this a realistic speed?
The table shows some approximate
conversion factors that can be used
to assess answers.
Using 1 m/s 2 mph, you find that 35 m/s is roughly 20 mph,
a reasonable speed for a car.
If you reached an answer of 350 m/s, this would correspond
to an unreasonable 700 mph, indicating that perhaps you
made a calculation error.

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Significant Figures

Its important in science and engineering to state clearly what

you know about a situationno less, and no more.
For example, if you report a length as 6.2 m, you imply that the
actual value is between 6.15 m and 6.25 m and has been
rounded to 6.2.
The number 6.2 has two significant figures.
More precise measurement could give more significant figures.
The appropriate number of significant figures is determined
by the data provided.
Calculations follow the weakest link rule: The input value
with the smallest number of significant figures determines
the number of significant figures to use in reporting the
output value.

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 Determining significant figures.

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Tactics: Using Significant Figures

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EXAMPLE 1.10 Using significant figures

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Orders of Magnitude and Estimating

Some approximate lengths and masses

In many cases a very
Distance you can drive in 1 hour ~105 m
rough estimate of a
Distance across a college campus ~1000 m number is sufficient.
Length of your arm ~1 m A one-significant-figure
Length of your little fingernail ~0.01 m estimate or calculation
Thickness of a sheet of paper ~104 m is called an order-of-
Small car ~1000 kg
magnitude estimate.
Large human ~100 kg
An order-of-magnitude
estimate is indicated by
Science textbook ~1 kg
the symbol ~, which
Apple ~0.1 kg
indicates even less
Raisin ~103 kg precision than .

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 Chapter 1 Summary Slides

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General Strategy

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General Strategy

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Important Concepts

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Important Concepts

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