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Digestive System
Dr.Andreanyta Meliala, Ph.D
Dept Of Physiology
THE GI SYSTEM HORMON
HORMON
BRAIN
MOUTH PAROTID
SALIVARY GLAN
FOOD
SUBLINGUAL
AND TRACHEA
SUBMANDIBULAR
SALIVARY GLANDS VOLUNTARY
INVOLUNTARY
LIVER
STOMACH
GALLBLADDER
PANCREAS
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
RECTUM ANUS
Adapted by:
Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The three fundamental processes that take
place are:
Secretion: Delivery of enzymes, mucus, ions and the
like into the lumen, and hormones into blood.
Absorption: Transport of water, ions and nutrients
from the lumen, across the epithelium and into blood.
Motility: Contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of
the tube that crush, mix and propel its contents.
Human Nutritional Needs
All animals are heterotrophs
MACROMOLECULES:
MONOMERS:
Carbohydrates
polysaccarides Monosaccharides
maltose 2 glucose
lactose glucose + galactose
sucrose glucose+fructose
starch maltose
Proteins Amino Acids (AA)
peptides
Fats
Tryglycerides Monoglycerides+ FFA
Phospholipids Lysophospholipids + FFA
THE GI DIAGRAM
Heart
Liver
Hepatic
Stomach Portal vein
Mouth
ABSORPTION Anus
Vitamin K Rectum
Vitamin Air, Elektrolit
Karbonhidrat Protein
enzim asam, dll C, D, B2, B12, dll
Mineral Lipid FLATUS
Pembentukan
Food and Gas CO2, Metana, dll
water
SECRETION FECES
Aktifitas
Salivary glands
Small intestine BAKTERI
Large intestine
MOTILITY
Adapted by:
Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.
REGULATION OF GI FUNCTION
Parotid duct
Parotid gland
Sublingual
gland
Submandibular gland
Adapted by:
Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.
Five Major Secretory Organs
Salivary glands
Stomach
Liver (+ gallbladder)
Pancreas
Small intestine
Saliva
Volume: 1500-2000 mL/day
pH: 7.0
Water 99.5%; solid 0.5%
Organic: Inorganic:
Ptyalin sodium
Lingual lipase potassium
Mucins calcium
ImmunoGb A etc find urself!
Lysozyme,etc find urself!
NAMES AND LOCATION OF
THE MAJOR SALIVARY GLAND IN THE HUMAN
Parotid duct
Parotid gland
Sublingual
gland
Submandibular gland
Adapted by:
Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.
Saliva Secretion
Parotid Gland
amylase
Breaks/digests amylum
Saliva increases pH
dari 6.7 to 7.5
Sekresi lambung : - HCL
- pepsinogen
- Gastrin
SEKRESI USUS HALUS
Kurang lebih 1.8 L
Fungsi
pelumas
Buffer
melarutkan enzim dari pankreas
SEKRESI PANKREAS
THE THREE REGIONS OF THE STOMACH :
FUNDUS, BODY, AND ATRIUM
Esophagus
Fundus
Body
(secretes mucus
Pepsinogen and HCI)
Duodenum
Antrium
(secretes mucus
Pyloric Pepsinogen and gastrin)
sphincter
Adapted by:
Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.
PERISTALTIC WAVES
CONTRIBUTE TO Esophagus
THE ANTRAL CONTENTS
Lower
Esophageal
sphincter
Duodenum
Pyloric
sphincter
Stomach
Peristaltic
Adapted by:
wave Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.
THE THREE REGIONS OF THE STOMACH :
FUNDUS, BODY, AND ATRIUM
Esophagus
Fundus
Body
(secretes mucus
Pepsinogen and HCI)
Duodenum
Antrium
(secretes mucus
Pyloric Pepsinogen and gastrin)
sphincter
Adapted by:
Dr. Andreanyta Meliala, PhD.
Intestinal Movements
Segmentation
Mixing mucous and enzyme
pattern of motility
- Haustration (slow segmentation)
- Mass movement (slow peristaltic; 3-4
times/day)
Defecation
Distension of rectum stimulates sigmoid colon
and smooth muscle of rectal wall relaxation
of internal sphincter muscle (outonomic nerve)
Defecation conducts when external sphincter
muscle is relaxed
Gastrointestinal
Gastrin
Origin: StomachHormones
Stimulus: Food in stomach
Function: Stimulates HCl & pepsinogen secretion,
increases stomach motility
Secretin
Origin: Duodenum
Stimulus: Acid
Function: Stimulates pancreatic secretions. Slows
stomach motility and acid production
Some of the hormones are grouped
into 2 families
Gastrin
gastrin & CCK
Secretin
Secretin, glucagon, glicentin, VIP,GIP
Two types of nerves help to control the action of the digestive system.
- 5% bakteri
- 20% undigested material,
inorganic material, epitel
Reabsobsi garam empedu, vitamin, bilirubin,
toxins
Bile salts
Reabsorbsi, dibawa ke hepar
Vitamin
Bakteri di kolon membentuk 3 vitamin
Vitamin K: fat soluble; diperlukan untuk
sintesis faktor pembekuan di hati
Biotin: water soluble; diperlukan untuk
metabolisme glukosa
Vitamin B5: water soluble; diperlukan
untuk biosintesis hormon steroid dan
beberapa neurotransmiter
The Digestive System
Advanced Physiology for Nursing School
Lecture 2 of 2
Learning Objective
Segmentation
Mixing mucous and enzyme
pattern of motility
- Haustration (slow segmentation)
- Mass movement (slow peristaltic; 3-4
times/day)
Defecation
Distension of rectum stimulates sigmoid colon
and smooth muscle of rectal wall relaxation
of internal sphincter muscle (outonomic nerve)
Defecation conducts when external sphincter
muscle is relaxed
Gastrointestinal
Gastrin
Origin: StomachHormones
Stimulus: Food in stomach
Function: Stimulates HCl & pepsinogen secretion,
increases stomach motility
Secretin
Origin: Duodenum
Stimulus: Acid
Function: Stimulates pancreatic secretions. Slows
stomach motility and acid production
Sekresi di usus halus
Kurang lebih 1.8 L
Fungsi
pelumas
Buffer
melarutkan enzym dari pankreas
Sekresi Pankreas
Absorbsi
Absorbsi monosakarida
Absorbsi monogliserida dan asam lemak
Absorbsi asam amino
Vitamin
Larut lemak (A, D, E, K): lewat bersama lipid
Larut air (B, C): masuk bersama air
B12 : faktor intrinsik di lambung mengikat B12 dan
diabsorbsi di ileum
- 5% bakteri
- 20% undigested material,
inorganic material, epitel
Reabsobsi garam empedu, vitamin, bilirubin,
toxins
Bile salts
Reabsorbsi, dibawa ke hepar
Vitamin
Bakteri di kolon membentuk 3 vitamin