Linear Circuit Analysis

Chapter # 2: Basic Laws

Instructors: M. Rizwan Azam
Basic Laws - Chapter 2
2.1 Introduction (Techniques)
2.2 Ohms Law
2.3 Nodes, Branches and Loops
2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws
2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division
2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current
Division
2.7 Y - transformation
2.8 Applications

2
 2.2 Ohms Law (1)

Property of a material to resist a flow of current known as resistance

l
Mathematically, R - measured in ohms ()
A
- Resistivity of the material

l - length of the material

A - Cross section area of the material

+ V

i
 2.2 Ohms Law (2)
Ohmss Law: A voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to
the current flowing through a resistor

+ V

vi
Constant of proportionality between v and i is the resistance, R ()

v= iR

Must comply with passive sign convention

2.2 Ohms Law (3)
Fixed resistors

Wirewound type

carbontype type
2.2 Ohms Law (4)
Variable resistors
Linear and Non linear Resister
A resistor that obeys Ohms law is
known as a linear resistor.
A nonlinear resistor does not obey
Ohms law.

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 2.2 Ohms Law (5)
Two extreme values of resistance:

v 0
Short circuit
R 0
i i

v v
Open circuit R
i o
 2.2 Ohms Law (6)
Conductance: reciprocal of resistance

1 i
G - measured in siemens (S)
R v

Conductance: ability of an element to conduct current

 2.2 Ohms Law (7)
Power in a Resistor

+ V

v v2
p vi p (iR )i i2R p v( )
R R

Always positive

Always absorbs power

 Example
Find power ,G ,I

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2.3 Nodes, Branches and Loops (1)

Network topology

A branch represents a single element such as a

voltage source or a resistor.
2.3 Nodes, Branches and Loops (2)

Network topology

A branch represents a single element such as a

voltage source or a resistor.

A node is the point of connection between two

or more branches.
2.3 Nodes, Branches and Loops (3)

Network topology

A branch represents a single element such as a

voltage source or a resistor.

A node is the point of connection between two

or more branches.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

2.3 Nodes, Branches and Loops (4)

Two or more elements are in series if they exclusively share a

single node and consequently share the same current

Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to the

same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across
them

1 & 2 - parallel

10V & 4 - parallel

5 in series with (1 and 2 in parallel)

 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (1)
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum

of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero

N
Mathematically, i
n 1
n 0
 Example
Find IT

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 2.4 Kirchhoffs Laws (2)
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum

of all voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

M
Mathematically, v
m 1
n 0
Example
Vab =????/

19
Example KVL

20
Example

21
Example

22
Example
Find Current and voltage of each
component

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2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (1)
Series: Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or
connected sequentially and consequently carry the same current.

The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in a

series is the sum of the individual resistances

N
Req R1 R2 R N Rn
n 1
2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (2)
Lets say in the circuit shown below, we want to find v2

v2 = iR2

where,
v
i
R1 R2
R2
v2 v
R1 R2

- Voltage Division Rule

- Principle of Voltage Division

Note that if R2 >> R1, then v2 v

2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division (3)
i=0 R1 R=

+ v1 + v2
v If R2 is replaced with open circuit,
the resistance would be

R2
v2 v v2 v
R1 R 2

R1
v1 v v1 0
R1 R 2
2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (1)
Parallel: Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to
the same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage across
them.

The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors in parallel is:

1 1 1 1

Req R1 R2 RN
2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (2)

+ +

v v Lets say we want to find i2

v R1R 2
i2 where, v iR eq i
R2 R1 R 2

R1 - Current Division Rule

i2 i
R1 R 2 - Principle of Current Division
2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division (3)

R1
i2 i i2 i
R1 R 2

R2
i1 i i1 0
R1 R 2

R1
i2 i i2 0
R1 R 2

R2
i1 i i1 i
R1 R 2
Example

Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit

Example

Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab in the circuit

2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

Sometimes resistors are neither in parallel nor in series.
They can be simplified by using three-terminal equivalent networks.

wye (Y) or tee (T) network

delta () or pi () network
Y transformation OR

Sometimes resistors are neither in parallel nor in series.

They can be simplified by using three-terminal equivalent networks.

wye (Y) or tee (T) network

delta () or pi () network
2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

How can we combine R1 and R7 ?

 2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

Delta -> Star Star -> Delta

R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
Rb Rc Ra
R1 R1
( Ra Rb Rc )

Rc R a R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R2 Rb
( Ra Rb Rc ) R2

Ra Rb R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1
R3 Rc
( Ra Rb Rc ) R3
 2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

Rules

Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the resistors in the two adjacent
branches, divided by the sum of the three resistors.

Each resistor in the network is the sum of all possible products of Y resistors
taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.
2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

From the figures:

Eq 2.47a

37
2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

38
2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

39
2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

40
 2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

Note: Conversion from Y to or Y to is just a substitution,nothing

is taken out or inserted.

41
 2.7 Y transformation OR

Star delta transformation

Example 2.15
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit in the Figure and use it to
find current i.
Example 2.15
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit in the Figure and use it to
find current i.

Solution:
1. Define: The problem is clearly defined. Usually this part takes lots of time.

2. Present: Remove voltage sources and compute the combined resistance.

3. Alternative. Inject 1A of current and find the voltage between a and b.

4. Attempt: Wye- Delta or Delta Wye

5. Evaluate: Cross Check

6. Satisfactory? Yes, No
Example 2.15
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit in the Figure and use it to find
current i.
Solution
Solution (Continued)

With the Y converted to Delta, combining the three pairs of resistors in parallel,
we obtain
Solution (Continued)

The equivalent circuit is shown again:

Hence we find:

46
Evaluate

Solve the problem starting with a delta-wye transformation.

Let us transform the delta, can, into a wye.

47
Evaluate

48
Balanced Networks

We may notice that Y-connection is like a series connection

while -connection is like a parallel connection.

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2.8 Applications
2.8.1 Lighting System

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2.8.1 Lighting System - Example
Calculate: (a) the total current supplied by the battery, (b) the current
through each bulb, (c) the resistance of each bulb.

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2.8.1 Lighting System - Example

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2.8.2 design of DC Meters
Potentiometer

The word potentiometer, derived from the words potential and meter, implies
that potential can be metered out. The potentiometer (or pot for short) is a
three-terminal device that operates on the principle of voltage division.

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2.8 Applications: Design of a DC Meter

Magnet
Electricity
Motion

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Voltmeter
Voltmeters:
(a) Single-range type

(b) multiple-range type

55
Ammeter

56
Measuring Resistance (In-direct
method)
Using an Ammeter and a Voltmeter

57
Ohmmeter (Direct Method)

or

and

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 Assignment # 2
From Chapter 2 of the text book (4th Edition)

1. Review Questions: All (without looking at the

answers).

2. Problems: 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 and 2.11.

Note: Write down all the questions and submit your

solution in sequence. Use A4 size plain paper if
possible.

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Quiz1(b)

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