Mechanical Properties:

fundamentals and Tensile,

Hardness and Impact Testing
-2-
 Outcomes and Expectations

Learn the concept of stress and strain

Ductility (elongation and cross-section
area)
Modulus of resilience
True stress and true strain
Computation of working stress for ductile
materials
 YIELDING IS:
PERMANENT
DEFORMATION

MICROMECHANISM:
BREAKING AND
REFORMATION OF BONDS
 FLOW STRENGTH
STRESS
0.3 STRAIN
FLOW STRESS

0.1 STRAIN
FLOW STRESS

0.1 0.3 STRAIN

WORK HARDENING
STRESS

STRAIN
WORK HARDENING
STRESS

YS
YS

STRAIN
WORK HARDENING RATE DECREASES WITH
INCREASING PLASTIC STRAIN

STRESS

STRAIN
 MICROMECHANISM OF
WORK HARDENING

Formation of crystallographic
defects
 ELASTIC RECOVERY
STRESS

STRAIN AS LOADED
(INSTANTANEOUS STRAIN)

PERMANENT STRAIN AFTER STRAIN

ELASTIC RECOVERY
ELASTIC RECOVERY INCREASES
WITH PLASTIC STRAIN
STRESS

Elastic recovery
calculated by:
Flow Stress /
Modulus

STRAIN
Ultimate Tensile Strength
NECK BEGINS AT UTS

STRESS BECAUSE
DEFORMATION IS
INHOMOGENOUS

DEFORMATION
CONTINUES AT
NECK BECAUSE:

STRESS IS HIGHER

STRAIN
UTS AND NECKING
ONLY OCCUR IN
TENSILE TEST
 Ductility
strain at fracture l f l0
% EL ( ) x100
l0
A f A0
Reduction in x- % AR ( ) x100
A0
sect area
One indication of 'workability'

Degree to which a structure will deform plastically

before fracture

Specifies the degree of allowable deformation during

fabrication operations
EFFECT OF TEMP ON FLOW CURVE
STRESS
LOWER
TEMP LOWER TEMP?

ROOM TEMP

HIGHER TEMP

STRAIN
Micromechanism
Temp assists in atom movement
Typical Tensile Stress-Strain
Behaviour
 True stress and strain
Instantaneous area
during tensile and compression test,
(not shear)
area continuously changes F
T
instantaneous stress is true stress Ai
Also: length continuously changes
at spec length li, if spec length increased by dl,
then dl
instantaneous strain
l1 li
dl li
True strain T ln
l0 l l0
If there is no volume change during deformation
T (1 ) T ln(1 )
only valid up to necking i.e. uniform defm
STRESS in the plastic region

True
T K n
T
(Hollomon eqn)

Engng
after UTS necking
i.e. inhomogenous defm
T(UTS) UTS
STRAIN
 Resilience
capacity to store high amounts of energy elastically
since energy = work = force x distance
energy of deformation = area under the stress-strain
curve
DELINEATED BY: yield stress
and Strain at yield stress
stress
(approx. elastic limit)
y
Modulus of
resilience
y
1 2

y
U r d 2 y y
0
2E
y strain
(per unit volume)
 Suggested lectures

Callister (7th edidion)

Sections 6.2 6.8
 Problems
1) Define true stress and true strain. Compare with engineering stress and engineering strain.

2) The following data were collected from a 12-mm diameter test specimen of Mg (lo=30mm)

After fracture, the total length was 32.61mm and the diameter was 11.74mm. Plot the data and calculate:

the 0.2% offset yield strength

the tensile strength
the modulus of elasticity
the % elongation
the % reduction in area
the engineering stress at fracture
the true stress at fracture
the modulus of resilience