Power Train

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Internal
Combustio
n Engine
ENGINE
a motor that converts Thermal Energy to
Mechanical Energy.

Major Categorization
InternalCombustion Engines
External Combustion Engines
Types of engine

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EXTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE
Fuel is burnt in a closed firebox
Heat is transferred to a boiler.
Saturated steam is transferred to the motor
unit where it pushes the piston.
The cooler, low pressure steam is
exhausted.

Steam Engine
IC ENGINES
Combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer
(usually air) in a combustion chamber.

Combustion expands the high temperature

and pressure gases.

This applies force to the pistons.

4 Stroke Engine
4 Stroke Engine
Intake stroke Compression stroke
, ,
Combustion stroke, Exhaust stroke.
The piston starts at the top, the intake
valve opens, and the piston moves down
to let the engine take in a cylinder-full of air
and gasoline. This is the intake stroke.
Then the piston moves back up to
compress this fuel/air mixture.
Compression makes the explosion more
powerful.
When the piston reaches the top of its
stroke, the spark plug emits a spark to
ignite the gasoline. The gasoline charge in
the cylinder explodes, driving the piston
down.
Once the piston hits the bottom of its
stroke, the exhaust valve opens and the
exhaust leaves the cylinder to go out the
tailpipe.
Applications: Cars, motor cycles.
4-Stroke
Notice that the motion that comes out of an
internal combustion engine is rotational, while
the motion produced by a potato cannon is
linear (straight line). In an engine the linear
motion of the pistons is converted into rotational
motion by the crankshaft. The rotational motion
is nice because we plan to turn (rotate) the car's
wheels with it anyway.

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 2-Stroke
Engine
Upward Stroke &
Downward Stroke

Applications: Chainsaws,
Mopeds, Garden Equipment
Basic Engine Parts
The core of the engine is the cylinder.
Spark plug
The Spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel
mixture so that combustion can occur. The spark must
happen at just the right moment for things to work
properly.
Valves
The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to
let in air and fuel and to let out exhaust. Note that both
valves are closed during compression and combustion
so that the combustion chamber is sealed.

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Basic
Piston
Engine Parts
A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and
down inside the cylinder.
Piston rings
Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer
edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The
rings serve two purposes:
They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the
combustion chamber from leaking into the sump during
compression and combustion.
Connecting rod
The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft.
It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as
the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.
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Basic Engine
Crankshaft
Parts
The crankshaft turns the piston's up and down motion
into circular motion just like a crank on a jack-in-the-box
does.
Sump
The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some
amount of oil, which collects in the bottom of the sump
(the oil pan).

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MULTI CYLINDER ENGINE
In 4- stroke engine, one power stroke in
720
Smoother torque
To increase power
output.
 Cylinder arrangement
The cylinders usually are
arranged in one of three ways:
inline, V or flat. inline

The piston moving up and

down inside the cylinder.
V-type
Different configurations have
different advantages and
disadvantages in terms of
smoothness, manufacturing
cost and shape characteristics. Horizontal
These advantages and (opposed)
disadvantages make them more
suitable for certain vehicles.
 Bad fuel mix - A bad fuel mix can occur in several ways:

Engine Problems
You are out of gas so the engine is getting air but no fuel.
The air intake might be clogged, so there is fuel but not enough
air.
Lack of compression - If the charge of air and fuel cannot be
compressed properly, the combustion process will not work like
it should. Lack of compression might occur for these reasons:
Lack of spark - The spark might be nonexistent or weak for a
number of reasons:
If your spark plug or the wire leading to it is worn out, the spark
will be weak.
If the wire is cut or missing, or if the system that sends a spark
down the wire is not working properly, there will be no spark.

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 GEAR BOX
(TRANSMISSION)

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WHAT IS A GEAR?
A gear is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or
cogs, which mesh with another toothed part in order to
transmit torque.
Two or more gears working in tandem are called a
transmission and can produce a mechanical advantage
through a gear ratio and thus may be considered a
simple machine.
TYPES OF GEARS
Various types of gearing are used on a motor vehicle.
The gearboxes employ one or more of the following:
1- Spur, teeth parallel to axis, used on sliding mesh.
2- Helical, teeth inclined to axis to form helix.
3- Double helical, two sets of opposing helical teeth.
4- Epicyclic or planetary, spur or helical gears
rotating about centers which are not stationary.
.
GEAR RATIO
Why we need gear box?
High torque is required at the driving wheels when
a vehicle is starting form rest, climbing a hill or
accelerating.
Due to the variable nature of resistance ,it is
necessary that the engine power should be
available over a wide range of road speeds.
For this purpose ,a device called transmission or
gear set is provided to permit the engine
crankshaft to revolve at a relatively high speed
while the wheels turn at slower speeds.
TYPES OF GEAR BOXES

1.Sliding mesh gear box

2.Constant mesh gear box
3.Synchro mesh gear box

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CONSTANT MESH GEAR BOX
 Epicyclic gear box
In this gear box, epicyclic
gear trains are employed to
get the various gear ratios.
An epicyclic gearbox consists
of two, three or even four
epicyclic or planetary gear
sets.
A simple gear set has a sun
gear, about which other
planet gear turn around.
The sun gear will rotate only
on its axis but planet gears
apart from rotating about their
own axis and revolve and also
with the internal teeth of the
ring gear.
Epicyclic
Gearbox
TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEM
Synopsis

Traction definition
Traction control objectives
Uses of traction
Traction in high performance cars
Benefits
Conclusion
What is traction?

Adhesive friction between surfaces.

Technically traction is a frictional force that

is produced between surfaces without
slipping
Objectives
Sense the wheel which has no traction

Reduce wheel spin by partially

applying brakes
Where does vehicle lose traction?

In hard maneuvers and cornering

Wet icy and snowy conditions

A rear traction controlled vehicle
In ordinary cars

Now a days it is widely available

Its a safety feature in most modern

vehicles

Works especially in snowy and wet surface

conditions
In high performance cars(Race cars)

Used as performance enhancement

Gives maximum traction under

acceleration without wheel spin.
Where it is mostly used?

Mostly used in high performance cars and

racing vehicles

Cold and snowy areas

High humidity and high rainfall areas

Traction in Motor sports

TC is a performance enhancement in motor

vehicles

Less skill is sufficient with TC

Formula one banned TC in 2008 and there on

issued custom ECU which doesn't support TC
Benefits of traction

Improves performance of vehicle

Reduces wheel slip

Helps in better control of vehicle

Conclusion

TC improves stability of vehicle

TC uses engine power efficiently

LUBRICATION SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF LUBRICATION SYSTEM

Reduce the friction between parts of the engine &

wear of moving parts.

Acts as a cooling agent.

Absorbs the shock between bearings and other

engine parts.

Acts as a cleaning agent inside the engine.

Also acts as sealing

TYPES

Splash lubrication system

Pressure lubrication system
Semi- Pressure lubrication system
Petroil lubrication system
Splash lubrication system
Pressure lubrication system
Semi-Pressure Lubrication System

Combination of both Pressure and Splash

system.
Some parts are lubricated by Splash and
others by pressure.
Instead of drilled passages, oil way is
present in connecting rod to splash the oil.
Semi-Pressure
Lubrication System
Petroil lubrication system

Lubricant oil is mixed with petrol at 1:20 to 1:40

ratios.

Lubricates the engine parts in the form of mist.

Parts of lubrication system
Oil sump or tank
Lubrication pump
Oil releif valve
Oil filter
Oil tappet stick
Oil pressure indicating line
Oil pressure gauges
Oil Pump
Responsible for the circulation of oil to all the parts of
engine.

Types:
1) Gear pump
2) Rotor pump
Gear Pump
Main shaft gear gets drive from
camshaft or crankshaft
On rotation gears deliver oil
under pressure by teeth spaces
Two teeth rotates at opposite
direction.
Rotor pump

Two gears mesh

together internally .
Inner and outer rotor
are driven by means
of shaft.
Lubrication filters
Intend to clear the oil from abrasive materials.
Mostly two filters are available. They are Primary,
Secondary.
Primary fitted with pump inlet and secondary in
series.
Types:
1) Full flow type
2) Bye-pass type
Full Flow type:
Located at outside the crankcase, provided with a relief valve.

The filter element is placed in a metal casing spring loaded at the

bottom.

In case the element gets clogged with sludge the spring loaded,
bypass valve opens to deliver oil directly into the engine.

By-Pass type:

It has a finer cartridge and a bypass valve.

Oil supply goes to engine and some portion are filtered at bypass

It increases the filtering efficiency by filtration.

IGNITION SYSTEMS
 Ignition system:
SI Engines require Ignition system to Ignite the
compressed air fuel mixture inside the cylinder
at the end of compression stroke.

Change battery voltage (12v) into high voltage

spark high as 30,000 volts.

Delivers the high voltage to the correct cylinder

spark plug at the correct time.
Requirements of ignition system
Supplies high voltage surges of current as
20,000 to 30,000 volts to the spark plug.

Sparking must take place at the correct time

Spark plug should function efficiently at

maximum and minimum speeds of engine.
Main components :

Battery
Switch
Ignition coil
condenser
Ignition distributer
Spark plugs
IGNITION SYSTEM BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

Spark plugs Distributer

switch Induction Contact

coil breaker
battery

Condenser
Types of ignition system :
Battery or coil ignition system
Magneto ignition system
Battery ignition system :
 1) Battery-
Supplies electrical power for circuit.
2) Ignition switch-
Turns on or shuts off the circuit.
3) Breaker points-
Will automatically turn on and shut off the primary circuit.
4) Condenser-
Helps to prolong breaker point life by preventing point arcing.
5) Distributor Cap
Distributes the high voltage to plug wires. Creates the firing
order for cylinders.
6) Spark plug
Provides an air gap for spark to jump and ignite fuel mixture.
Magneto ignition system :
Battery replaced by a magneto,

A magneto electrical generator that uses permanent

magnets to produce alternating current

Main parts of a magneto - a permanent magnet and an

armature.

The magnet is driven by the engine.

The voltage generated by the magnet in the primary coil is not

sufficient to cause a spark in the spark plugs.

Secondary winding consists of many thousands of turns of fine

wire, is wound around the primary as like a step-up
transformer.
Disadvantages of magneto :

Poor sparking at low speed

Difficulty to starting
More costly
Engine Valve Train and Ignition
Systems
The valve train consists
of the valves and a
mechanism that opens
and closes them. The
opening and closing
system is called a
camshaft. The camshaft
has lobes on it that move
the valves up and down
Ignition coil :
An ignition coil (spark coil) is an induction coil
which transforms the battery's 12 volts to the
thousands of volts needed to spark the spark
plugs.

Consists of
1) primary winding(200-300 turns)
2) secondary winding(21,000 turns)
3) core
Ignition coil :
Spark plug :
Distributer :
A. Spark plug wire
B. Distributor cap
C. Rotor
D. Coil wire
E. Distributor body
F. Reluctor
G. Pickup coil
H. Ignition control
module
I. Ignition coil
J. Spark plugs
AUTOMOTIVE BRAKING
SYSTEM
Brake classification Based on construction
 A disc break has metallic
disc (or) rotor instead of
conventional drum.

It uses a pair of flat ,lined

shoes (or) pads that are
forced against rotating disc to
produce breaking.

This are placed in an

assembly called caliper that
straddle the disc .
Brake Rotor

This are of three types

1. Fixed caliper

2. Floating caliper

3. Sliding caliper
 Fixed Caliper Disc Breaks

A fixed caliper has piston on both sides

of the disc. Some has two one on each
side, other has four two on each side

Here caliper is rigidly attached to a

steering knuckle (or) other vehicle
stationary part.

Only piston and pads move when breaks

are applied.
Components
Compressor
Reservoirs
Foot valve
Brake chambers
One-way check valve
Air dryer
Safety valve
Air pressure gauge
Air governor
Relay valve
Low warning switch
Quick-release valve
Front axle ratio valve
Compressor
The function of the air
compressor is to build up and
maintain air pressure
It is driven by the vehicles
engine, either by belts and
pulleys or shafts and gears
when system air pressure
reaches 115-135 psi (793-931
kPa), the compressor pumps air
back and forth between the two
cylinders without supplying the
reservoirs.
It will be put back into the
pumping stage at a minimum of
80 psi (552 kPa).
The compressor must be able to
build reservoir air pressure from
50 to 90 psi within three
minutes.
Reservoir
Reservoirs or tanks hold a
supply of compressed air.
They must store a sufficient
volume of air to allow several
brake applications if the
engine stops or the
compressor fails.
Each reservoir is equipped
with a drain valve which
allows the drain of moisture
and other contaminants
Foot valve
This foot-operated valve
applies air to operate the
brakes.
The distance the treadle of
the foot valve is depressed
by the driver determines the
air pressure that will be
applied
Releasing the treadle
allows the application air to
be released through the
exhaust ports into the
atmosphere
Brake chambers

Service-brake chambers convert compressed air

pressure energy into mechanical force and movement,
which apply the vehicles brakes.
Safety valve
The supply reservoir is
protected from being over
pressurized and bursting
by a safety valve
The valve consists of a
springloaded ball that
will allow air to exhaust
from the reservoir into the
atmosphere
Advantages:
In the case of hydraulic brakes, if there is a leak in the
braking system which results in partial or complete loss
of the braking fluid, the efficiency of the braking system
is significantly reduced or even completely lost.
Air brakes remedy this issue by using air instead of any
special braking fluid to deliver pressure to the braking
components.
Air brakes are much more reliable than hydraulic brakes.
The special braking fluid used in hydraulic brakes is
quite expensive. Air on the other hand, is freely available.
QUERIES?
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