Vbattery Isource

12 V 1A

ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 2

IDEAL or Independent Sources
IDEAL voltage source IDEAL current source
maintains the maintains the
prescribed voltage prescribed current
across its terminals through its terminals
regardless of the regardless of the
current drawn from voltage across those
it LOADCurrent
+ -
terminals
0.012 A

DC 1e-009Ohm

Z=A+jB
Z=A+jB

Is + LOADVoltage LOAD
Vs LOAD 1A 999.001 V DC 1MOhm
12 V -

ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 3

Controlled or Dependent
Sources
A voltage or current source whose value
depends on the value of voltage or
current elsewhere in the circuit
Use a diamond-shaped symbol

ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 4

Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source VCVS

Vs is the output
+ + voltage
Vs
1 V/V
Vx is the
Vx Vs=uVx
reference voltage
-
- u is the multiplier
Vs = uVx

ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 5

Current-Controlled Voltage Source CCVS

Vs is the output
+ voltage
Vs
Ix is the reference
Ix 1 Ohm Vs=pIx current
p is the multiplier
- Vs = pIx

ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 6

Voltage-Controlled Current Source VCCS

Is is the output
+
current
Is Vx is the
Vx 1 Mho Is = aVx
reference voltage
a is the multiplier
-
Is = aIx

ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 7

Current-Controlled Current Source CCCS

Is is the output
current
Ix is the reference
Is
Ix 1 A/A Is=bIx current
b is the multiplier
Is = bIx

ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 8

Active and Passive Elements
Active element Passive element
a device capable of a device that
generating electrical absorbs electrical
energy energy
Voltage source Resistor
Current source Capacitor
Power source
Inductor
Batteries motor
Generators
light bulb
a device that needs
heating element
to be powered
(biased)
transistor
ECE 201 Circuit Theory I 9
Voltage Sources in Series
DC voltage sources in series can be combined and
replaced with a single source.
AC voltage sources in series can be combined and
replaced with a single source only if the angular
frequency of operation are identical.
DC and AC voltage sources can be added together
when calculating a total voltage.
AC voltage sources operating at different frequencies
can be added together.
The current flowing through one voltage source must be
equal to the current flowing through the other voltage
source.
Example 1
Example 2

O
r
Example 3

O O
r r
Example 4

O O
r r
DC and AC sources
A 5V dc voltage source in series a 2V sin(10t)
ac voltage source has a total combined
voltage of 5V+2Vsin(10t).
However, we do not have a symbol for a single
voltage source that can replace the symbols for
the dc and ac sources.
AC sources with Different

A 2V ac voltage source operating at 10 rad/s

in series with a 2V ac voltage source
operating at 10.5 rad/s has a total voltage of
2Vsin(10t)+2Vsin(10t).
Again, there is not a symbol for a single ac
voltage source that can replace the symbols for
the two ac sources operating at different
frequencies.
Voltage Sources in
Parallel
Since the voltage sources share common
nodes, the only time two or more voltage
sources are allowed in parallel is when they
have exactly the same voltage, polarity, and
frequency of operation (if ac sources).
The multiple voltage sources can be replaced
by a single source with the same voltage,
polarity, and frequency of operation (if ac
sources).
Example 5
Allowed

Not Allowed
Example 6
Allowed

Not Allowed
Current Sources in
Parallel
DC current sources in parallel can be combined
and replaced with a single source.
AC current sources in parallel can be combined
and replaced with a single source only if the
angular frequency of operation are identical.
DC and AC current sources in parallel can be
added together when calculating a total current.
AC current sources operating at different
frequencies can be added together.
The voltage drop across one current source must be
equal to the voltage dropped across the other
current sources in parallel.
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9

Or
DC and AC Current
Sources
A 5A dc current source in parallel a 2A
sin(10t) ac current source means that they are
contributing a total current of 5A+2Asin(10t)
at that node.
However, we do not have a symbol for a single
current source that can replace the symbols for
the dc and ac sources.
AC Sources with Different

A 2A ac current source operating at 10 rad/s

in parallel with a 2V ac current operating at
10.5 rad/s means that they are contributing a
total current of 2Asin(10t)+2Asin(10t) at that
node.
Again, there is not a symbol for a single ac
current source that can replace the symbols for
the two ac sources operating at different
frequencies.
Current Sources in Series
Since components in series must have the
same current flowing through each
component, the only time two or more currents
sources are allowed in series is when they
have exactly the same magnitude current, the
current is flowing in the same direction, and
frequency of operation (if ac sources).
The multiple current sources in series can be
replaced by a single source with the same
magnitude, direction of current flow, and
frequency of operation (if ac sources).
Example 10
Allowed Not Allowed
Summary
Voltage sources in series can be added.
Current sources in parallel can be added.
Only in the case where the magnitude, polarity, and
frequency of operation are identical can multiple
voltage sources be in parallel.
They can be replaced with a single voltage source of
the same magnitude, polarity, and frequency of
operation.
Only in the case where the magnitude, direction of
current flow, and frequency of operation are
identical can multiple currents sources be in series.
They can be replaced with a single current source of
the same magnitude, direction of current flow, and
frequency of operation.
Dependent Sources
The output voltage or current of a dependent
source is determined by one of the parameters
associated with another component in the
circuit.
In this course, the parameter is the voltage across
or current flowing through of the other
component.
Other parameters may be the components resistance,
amount of light shining on the component, the ambient
temperature, and mechanical stress applied to the
component including changes in atmospheric pressure.
Practical Dependent
Sources
Operational amplifiers
Transistors
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistors (MOSFETs)
Voltage and current regulators
Other devices include:
Photodetectors, LEDs, and lasers
Piezoelectric devices
Thermocouples, thermovoltaic sources
Dependent Power
Sources
Voltage controlled voltage source
(VCVS)
Current controlled voltage source
(CCVS)

Voltage controlled current source

(VCCS)
Current controlled current source
(CCCS)
Power Generators
Dependent voltage and current sources
generate power and supply it to a circuit only
when there are other voltage or current
sources in the circuit.
These other sources produce a current to flow
through or a voltage across the component that
controls the magnitude of the voltage or current
output from the dependent source.
Summary
Dependent sources are voltage or current sources whose
output is a function of another parameter in the circuit.
Voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
Current controlled current source (CCCS)
Voltage controlled current source (VCCS)
Current controlled voltage source (CCVS)

Dependent sources only produce a voltage or current

when an independent voltage or current source is in the
circuit.
Dependent sources are treated like independent sources
when using nodal or mesh analysis, but not with
superposition.