INTRODUCTION TO

CONVECTION
Convection Heat Transfer
Coefficient
Conservation Equations

Boundary Layer Approximation

Reynolds Analogy

Turbulent Flow
 Forced Convection
Free Convection
Boiling and Condensation

External flows
Internal flows

Laminar flows
Turbulent flows
 Convection Heat Transfer
T , u Coefficient
y
T(x,y)
y
x
qs T
Ts
y y 0
T
qs ( x ) k f h( x ) Ts T
y y 0

k f T
h( x )
Ts T y y 0
 T , u y T(x,y)
y
x
qs Ts
total heat transfer rate
over
qs Asqs( x )dAs h( x ) Ts T dAs
As As

If Ts =
s Ts T h( x )dAs
qconstant, hAs Ts T
As

average heat transfer

1
coefficient:
h
As As
hdAs
 Convection Boundary
Layer
Velocity (or momentum) boundary
layer

u
wall shear s
stress: y y 0

: dynamic
viscosity s
friction Cf
coefficient: u / 2
2
Temperature (or thermal) boundary
layer

T
qs ( x ) k f
local heat flux:
y y 0

local heat transfer

coefficient: k f T
h( x )
Ts T y y 0
Laminar and Turbulent
Flows

Viscous
sublaye
r
laminar: molecular diffusion
turbulent: eddy motion
(fluctuation)
Critical Reynolds
number
u x u x
Re x
external flow: 5 10 5

um D um D
Re D
internal flow: 2,300

Comparison of laminar and
turbulent velocity profile in the
boundary layer
Variation of heat transfer
coefficient
k f T k f T Ts kf
h ~ ~
Ts T y y 0 Ts T ( x ) ( x)
 Conservation Equations
Continuity Equation: Mass
dm
Conservationr
0 u 0
dt t
r r d
u u u 0
t dt
incompressible
d
flow r
0 u 0
dt
2-dimensional flow
u v
0
x y
 Momentum
Equations
Newtons 2nd law of
r r r r
du motion
du
m F, f
dt dt
f : force per unit volume
r r
u r r
u u f
t
force:body force, surface
body forceforce: gravitational force,
centrifugal force, electromagnetic
force
surface force: viscous force,
incompressible flow with constant
r
viscosity r r
du u r r 2r
u u p u f
dt t

2-dimensional steady flow

u u 1 p u u
2 2
u v 2 f x
x y x x
2
y

v v 1 p v v
2 2
u v 2 f y
x y y x
2
y
 Energy
Equation
1st law of
thermodynamics
rate change of internal
energy
= heat transferred in the
system
+ work done on the system by
forces
+ internal heat
generation
internal thermal
energy,
energy:
heat kinetic
conduction,
energy
transfer: radiation
work work done by body
:force
energy per unit mass of
fluid
thermal energy:
e 1 2 r r
kinetic V V u u
2

energy: 2
1 2
total e V
energy: 2 ui u j
Total energy ij
% x x
equation j i
d 1 2 r r r
e V q p u u p
dt 2
r r r r
u : u : f u q&
% %
r r r r
q qcond
qrad kT qrad
Mechanical energy equation
d 1 2 r r r r
V u p u : f u
dt 2 %

Thermal energy equation

de r r r
q p u u : q&
dt %
r
u : : viscous
% dissipation
 Thermal Energy Equation
de r r
q p u q&
dt
thermal energy equation for
enthalpy
di r dp
q q&
dt dt
When it is assumed that (ideal
gas)
de cv dT and di c p dT
de dT r r
cv q p u q&
dT dt
di dT r dp
cp q q&
dt dt dt
When pressure work and viscous
dissipation are negligible, and
internal heat generation is not
present, T r r r
c p u T qcond

qrad
t
r
k T qrad

When the fluid is transparent to
radiation and its thermal conductivity
is constant,
T r
u T T
2

t
r
steady-state:u T 2T
For a 2-dimensional
flow
r
u T T
2

T T T T
2 2
u v 2
x y x
2
y
 Summary
2-dimensional, steady, incompressible, constant
property, transparent to radiation, no internal
heat generation
u v
0
x y
u u 1 p u u
2 2
u v 2 f x
x y x x
2
y
v v 1 p v v
2 2
u v 2 f y
x y y x
2
y
T T T T
2 2
u v 2
x y x
2
y
Boundary Layer Approximation
2-D Boundary Layer
u ( x ), T Flow
t(x)
y (x) x
u(x,y)
Ts T(x,y)
L

(x): thickness of velocity boundary

layer
t(x): thickness of temperature
boundary
 u ( x ), T
t(x)
y (x) x
u(x,y)
Ts T(x,y)
L
scaling x ~ L, y ~ or t , u ~ u
u v u v u
from continuity ~ ~ v~
x y L L
1 2
pressur ps p u p ~ u
2

2
e
temperatur T Ts T
dimensionless
variables u
x ~ L, y ~ or t , u ~ u , v ~ ,
L
p ~ u , T Ts T
2

x y y u
x , y
* *
or , u
*
,
L t u
vL p T T
v
*
, p
*
, T *

u u 2
Ts T
continuity
u v u v * *
0 * * 0
x y x y
momentum equation in the
streamwise direction
u u 1 p 2 u 2 u
u v 2
x y x x
2
y
2
u *
* u
*
p *
u 2 *
L u 2 *
u*
v *
x *
y *
x u L x * 2
u L y * 2

for a high Reynolds number

flow: u L L
2

Re L
1, Re L ~

u u 1 p 2u
u v 2
x y x y
momentum equation in the wall-
normal direction
v v 1 p v v
2 2
u v 2
x y y x
2
y
2
v *
v *

L u x * v y *
* *

2
p *
2 v * 2v *
*
y u L L x * 2
u L y * 2

2
u L L
Re L 1, Re L ~

p
0 p = p(x) in the boundary
y layer
 u u 1 p 2u
u v 2
x y x y
u u 1 dp u
2
u v 2
x y dx y
1 2 dp du dp du
ps p u 0 u u
2 dx dx dx dx
u u du 2u
u v u 2
x y dx y
du
flow over a flat u constant 0
dx
plate:
u u u
2
u v 2
x y y
 energy
equation
T T T T
2 2
u v 2
x y x
2
y
2
* T
*
* T
*
T 2 *

L T 2 *
u v
x *
y *
u L x * 2
u L t y * 2

2
1 T 2 *
1 L 2T *

Re L Pr x * 2
Re L Pr t y * 2

u L
Re L , Pr Pr: Prandtl
number
T T T2
u v 2
x y y
Summary: 2-D Boundary layer
equations u v
continuit 0
y: x y
u u 1 dp u
2
momentu u v 2
m: x y dx y
T T T
2
energy: u v 2
x y y
Boundary layer approximation
Parabolic in the streamwise
direction
Pressure is constant across the
boundary layer.
 Fundamental Form of
2
u*
u* *
Solutions
dp 1 L 2 *
u
u*
v *
*
x* *
y dx *2Re L y
dp *
u2 *
* f (Re L ) 2
dx y *
2
* T
*
* T
*

1 L T 2 *
u v
x *
y *
Re L t y * 2

2T *
g (Re L , Pr) 2
dp * y *

u* u* ( x * , y * , * , Re L ),
dx
*
dp
T T ( x , y , * ,Re L ,Pr)
* * * *

dx
Friction
s
coefficient
Cf
u2 / 2
u u u* y u
s y , u
* *

y y * u
y 0 y* 0

s 1 u *
Cf 2
u / 2
2
u y *
y* 0

L u *
2 L u *
2
u L y *
y* 0
Re L y *
y* 0

C f C f ( x , Re L )
*
Convection heat transfer
k f T
coefficient y T T
h y ,T
* *

Ts T y y 0 t Ts T

k f Ts T 1 T * k f T *

Ts T t y y * 0
* t y * y* 0

Nusselt number
local Nusselt number
hx x T * L T *
Nu x x *

kf t y y* 0
*
t y *
y* 0

Nu x Nu( x ,Re L ,Pr)

*

average Nusselt Nu Nu(Re L ,Pr)

 Reynolds Analogy
u u 1 dp u2
u v 2
x y dx y
T T 2T
u v 2
x y y
dp
Whe 0 and Pr = 1, that is,
n dx =
u u u
2
T T T
2
u v 2 , u v 2
x y y x y y
 L
t ~
Re L
x * y y u
Let x , y
*
Re L , u
*
,
L L u
vL v T Ts
v *
Re L , T *

u u T Ts
u *
u*
2 *
u T *
T *
2 *
T
u*
v *
, u *
v *

x *
y *
y * 2
x *
y *
y * 2

boundary conditions
u ( x ,0) 0, u ( x , ) 1
* * * *

T * ( x * ,0) 0, T * ( x * , ) 1
Thus u ( x , y ) T ( x , y )
* * * * * *
 x * y y u
x ,y
*
Re L , u
*
,
L L u
v T Ts
v
*
Re L , T
*

u T Ts
u u Re L u*
s
y y 0
L y *
y* 0

s 2 u Re L u*
Cf
u / 2
2
u L y
2 *
y* 0

u* 2 u*
2 Re L *
u L y y* 0 Re L y
*
y* 0
 k fT k f T Ts Re L T *
h
Ts T y y 0
Ts T L y *
y* 0

k f Re L T *

L y * y* 0

hL L k f Re L T * T *
Nu L Re L *
kf kf L y *
y* 0
y y* 0

2 u *
2 T *
Cf
Re L y *
y* 0 Re L y *
y* 0

2 Nu L 2Nu L

Re L Re L Re L
Stanton number
h hL k 1 1 1
St Nu L Re L Pr
u c p k f c p u L
Nu L
When Pr = St
1, Re L

2Nu L Cf
Cf St
Re L 2
Modified Reynolds analogy or
Chilton-Colburn analogy
Cf
StPr 2/3
jH 0.6 < Pr < 60
2
Example 6.5
air
V =160m/s q 95 kW/m 2
T =1150 C
Ts 800C
coolant
L 40mm channe
l

original
Find: conditions
1) heat flux to the blade if the surface
temperature is reduced to 700C
2) heat flux at the same dimensionless location
for a similar blade having a chord length of L
= 80 mm when T = 1150C, V = 80 m/s, and Ts = 800C
 1) q1 h1 T Ts ,1 air
hL V =160m/s q 95 kW/m 2
Nu f ( x , Re L , Pr) T =1150 C
k
x*, ReL, Pr are Ts 800C
independent
on Ts. k are also L 40mm
L and
unchanged.
Thus, h = h1 original
q h T Ts conditions
air
q V =160m/s q1
h1 h
T Ts T =1150 C

q T Ts ,1 Ts ,1 700C
q1
T Ts
L 40mm
122 kW/m 2
Case 1
2) q2 h2 T Ts air
hL V =160m/s q 95 kW/m 2
Nu f ( x , Re L , Pr) T =1150 C
k
V2 L2 VL Ts 800C
Re L ,2 Re L

x*, Pr are also L 40mm
unchanged.
Local Nusselt number original
remains the same. conditions
h2 L2 hL air
Nu 2 Nu
k k V2 =80m/s q2
L q L T =1150 C
h2 h
L2 T Ts L2 Ts 800C
q T Ts L
q2 h2 T Ts L2 80mm
T Ts L2
47.5kW/m 2 Case 2