Space Bandwidth Product

Analysis in Digital Holography

Under the Supervision Presented by
of B. Lokesh Reddy
Dr. Anith Nelleri 15PHD1079
Associate Professor
Dept. of SENSE
VIT University-Chennai Campus
01-March-16 1
Outline
Digital Holography (DH) and its Principle
Sampling Criteria
Recording and Limitation of image sensor
Basic types of recording setups
Noninterferometric
DH for Characterization of micro optical components
Compressive sensing
Work Done
Future work

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Objective
Retrieve the 3D amplitude and Phase of an object
using Interferometric and Non-Interferometric methods
Application in microscopy
Compressive sensing

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Digital Holography (DH)
Recording
Encoding phase and amplitude as interference fringe pattern
Two Waves interfering
Reference wave known properties
Object wave recorded light field
Converts Phase information into amplitude information
In-phase = Maximum Amplitude
Out of phase = Min amplitude
Reconstructing
Uses numerical algorithm to reconstruct phase and amplitude
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 Holographic Principle
O(x, y) = o(x, y) exp(iO (x, y))
R(x, y) = r (x, y) exp(iR(x, y))
I (x, y) = |O(x, y) + R(x, y)|2
= (O(x, y) + R(x, y))(O(x, y) + R(x, y))*
= R(x, y)R(x, y) + O(x, y)O(x, y)
+ O(x, y)R(x, y) + R(x, y)O(x, y)
Where
O(x, y) - Object wave
R(x, y) - Reference wave
I (x, y) Intensity of the waves
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Sampling Criteria
Optically generated holograms can be recorded on CCD-
arrays if the sampling theorem is obeyed
Criteria: at least two pixels should sample one fringe period
2x<
where
x - Pixel Spacing of CCD-array
Fringe Spacing

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Recording and Limitations of
Image sensor
Two typical device sensors are used in Digital Holography
Charge Couple Device (CCD)
Complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
Both these sensors are composed of numerical light
sensing units namely pixels arranged in 2D
Energies of photons transferred into electrons

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Cont.
CMOS CCD
Each pixel has independent All pixels shares one or several
amplifier amplifiers
Faster frame rate Moderate frame rate
Properties of amplifier is not It is uniform
uniform
Dark noise is larger Dark noise is less
Simple structure Complex structure

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 Basic Types of Recording in
DH
In-line or on-axis setup

Setup of on-axis Digital holography

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Cont.
Advantages
Reference and object wave in same direction
Incident angle to the recording medium as object wave
Disadvantages
Distributed Reference beam due to bright reference beam
Twin image, virtual and real images are along same line
Angle is lesser so overlap

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Cont.

(d) Retrieved
(a) Object (a) Hologram (c) Hologram Spectrum
Image

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Cont.
Off-axis recording setup

Setup of off-axis Digital holography

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 Cont.
Advantages
Both Object wave and reference wave dont have the
same incident angle
Angle is more between object wave and reference wave
Disadvantages
To record object has to be placed at large distance from
the sensors

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Cont.

(a)Off-axis hologram (c) Reconstructed image

(b) spectrum(a)

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Space Bandwidth Product
(SBP)
Space Bandwidth Product (SBP) is a measure for the
image capacity of an optical system possesses. (FOV
and Resolution)
SBP is important tool to investigate different holographic system
The two information processing steps in digital
holography
Recording and
Reconstruction are analyzed with respect to SBP

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Sampling Criteria for CCD
Optically generated holograms can be recorded on CCD-
arrays if the sampling theorem is obeyed
Criteria: at least two pixels should sample one fringe period
2x<
where
x - Pixel Spacing of CCD-array
Fringe Spacing

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 Comparison
Interferometry Non-Interferometry

Relative phase difference between the Phase retrieval based on transport of

object and reference intensity equation (TIE) based on Greens
function

Complexity to setup experiments Less complexity

Sensitivity of fringes to fluctuations Less sensitive to environment

Phase unwrapping is needed to estimate Phase unwrapping not required

absolute phase
Iterative methods are used Non-iterative methods are used

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DH Technique for the
Characterization of Micro-
Optical Components
Digital Holographic technique for the characterization of Micro-optical
components like Micro lenses that is capable of providing accurate
quantitative measurements of the surface profile of micro-optical components.
An optical setup to record the hologram along with efficient signal processing
algorithm for hologram reconstruction is proposed to be developed.
Quantitative phase and 2D surface profile generation
Characterization of micro optics
Surface roughness measurements and calibration
An alternative research for non-interferometrtic methods for micro-optics
characterization

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Cont.

Schematic of the complex wave retrieval from digital holographic experiment using Mach-
Zehnder interferometer and microscope objectives

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Cont.

Practical setup of the experiment

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Fresnel Transform method
Normal reconstruction algorithm using Fresnel transform method.
Complex wave
from CCD Camera

Convolve with Filter-Remove

complex exponential unless data

Fresnel Transform

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 Algorithm for Complex Wave
Retrieval
Complex wave from CCD Camera

Fresnel Transform

Non-linear change of variable for phase

Least square method shifting technique
(LSM) for
Reconstructed phase multiply with window
estimation of
technique
amplitude and phase
w.r.t reference wave Retrieved amplitude and phase from
complex wave
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Compressive Sensing
Compressed sensing (CS) is a relatively new technique in the signal
processing field which allows acquiring signals while taking few samples
when data is sparse can directly acquire a condensed representation with
no information loss through linear dimensionality reduction
Y= AX
Where Y is M x 1 measurement data
A is M x N dictionary matrix ( K<M<<N)
X is N x 1 desired vector where is sparse

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Example
What do matching measurements imply?
Non-zero in X are real numbers
X strictly sparse

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Work Done
Course Work: Successfully cleared the examinations on the following
three papers
Self-Study: Theory and applications of holography
Self-Study: Fourier optics and optical information processing
ECE 623 : Image processing and feature extraction
Literature Review: Doing detailed literature survey on Digital
Holography & its application to microscopy, Non-intererometric
methods
Simulations: Simulated some basic algorithms on holography

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Future Work
Complex wave retrieval algorithm
Phase Retrieval using Compressive Sensing for microscopy
Phase and amplitude retrieval for non-interferometry objects

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References
[1] D. Gabor A new microscopic principle, Nature (London) 161 777-778 (1948)
[2] J. W. Goodman and R. W. Lawrence, Digital image formation from electronically
detected holograms, Appl. Phys. Lett. 11 77-79 (1967)
[3] M. A. Kronord, N. S. Merzlyakov, and L. Yaroslavskii, Reconstruction of a hologram
with a computer, Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys 17, 333-334 (1972)
[4] U. Schnars and W. Juptner, Direct recording of holograms by a CCD target and
numerical reconstruction , Appl. Opt. 33 179-181 (1994)
[5] A. W. Lohmann, The space-bandwidth product, applied to spatial filtering and to
holography, IBM Research Paper, RJ-438 (1967).
[6] Daniel Claus, Daciana Iliescu, and Peter Bryanston-Cross, Quantitative space-
bandwidth product analysis in digital holography Applied Optics ,Vol. 50, No. 34 ,
December 2011
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References
[7] Yamaguchi, and T. Zhang, Phase-shifting digital holography, Optics Letters 22, 12681270
(1997).
[8] T. Zhang, and I. Yamaguchi, Three-dimensional microscopy with phase-shifting digital
holography, Optics Letters 23, 12211223 (1998).
[9] I. Yamaguchi, J.-I. Kato, S. Ohta, and J. Mizuno, Image formation in phase-shifting digital
holography and applications to microscopy, Applied Optics 40, 61776186 (2001).
[10] T. Kreis, Handbook of Holographic Interferometry (Wiley-VCH, 2005).
[11] U. Schnars and W. Jueptner, Digital Holography (Springer Verlag, 2005).
[12] T. E. Gureyev, A. Roberts, and K. A. Nugent, Phase retrieval with the transport-of-intensity
equation: matrix solution with use of Zernike polynomials, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19321941 (1995).
[13] T. E. Gureyev and K. A. Nugent, Phase retrieval with the transport-of-intensity equation. II.
Orthogonal series solution for nonuniform illumination, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 16701682
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(1996). 28
References
[14] M. Teague, Deterministic phase retrieval: a Green's function solution, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 1434-
1441 (1983).
[15] I. Ho, M. Ng, K. Chen, W. Li, and Y. Chang, Iterative phase retrieval with partially coherent
beams, J. Opt. 15, 1-8 (2013).
[16] S. Memarzadeh, G. Nehmetallah, and P. Banerjee, Noninterferometric tomographic reconstruction
of 3D static and dynamic phase and amplitude objects, Proc. SPIE 9117, 91170M-1 9 (2014).
[17] D. J. Brady, K. Choi, D. L. Marks, R. Horisaki, and S. Lim, Compressive Holography, Opt.
Express 17, 1304013049 (2009).
[18] Y. Rivenson, A. Stern, and B. Javidi, Compressive Fresnel Holography, J. Display Technol. 6,
506509 (2010).
[19] M. Marim, M. Atlan, E. Angelini, and J.-C. Olivo-Marin, Compressed sensing with off-axis
frequency-shifting holography.

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 THANK
YOU
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