MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

METALS

INTRODUCTION
Many materials
are subjected to
forces and load.
necessary to
know the
characteristics of
material
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Those properties that reveal the

reaction, either elastic or plastic,
of a metal to an applied stress.
Tensile strength, yield strength,
elongation, reduction of area,
hardness, impact strength, and
bend ability
 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
METALS
determine the range of usefulness
of the metal and establish the
service that can be expected
are also used to help specify and
identify metals.
 STRESS AND STRAIN

STRESS
the internal
distribution of
forces within a
body that
balance and
react to the
loads applied to
it
 STRAIN
response of a
system to an
applied stress
amount of
deformation in the
direction of the
applied force
divided by the
initial length of the
material
THREE WAYS THAT A LOAD MAY BE
APPLIED:

TENSION tests
COMPRESSION Test
SHEAR Test
TORSIONAL Test
 ELASTIC DEFORMATION

STRESS STRAIN BEHAVIOR

Hookes Law
stress and strain are proportional to
each other through the relationship

Where: E = modulus of elasticity,

or Youngs modulus
 Elastic Deformation

Deformation in
which stress
and strain are
proportional
nonpermanent;
it goes back to
its original
shape once it
is remove.
 ANELASTICTITY

it is usually small
is neglected but for some
polymers this is very significant
and is called viscoelastic behavior.
 Elastic Property of Materials

When tension is applied there

would be elastic elongation
There is constriction on the
lateral side
 POISSONS RATIO
is used to determined the
contractions
Ratio of lateral and axial strains
 PLASTIC DEFORMATION

As the material is deformed

beyond this point, the stress is no
longer proportional
to strain and permanent,
no recoverable,
 TENSILE PROPERTIES

1. Yielding and Yield Strength

. stress at which a material begins
to deform plastically
. point of yielding may be
determined at the end of the
linearity of stress and strain or
also called the proportional limit
Note:
Yield strengths may range from
35 MPa (5000 psi) for a low strength
aluminum to over 1400 MPa
(200,000 psi) for high-strength
steels.
2 . Tensile Strength
The stress needed to continue
plastic deformation after
yielding increases to max
may vary anywhere from 50 MPa
(7000 psi) for an aluminum
to as high as 3000 MPa (450,000
psi) for the high-strength steels.
3. Ductility
measure of how much plastic
deformation has been sustained
at fracture
expressed as percent elongation
or percent area reduction
shows the amount of plastic
deformation before fracture and
degree of allowable deformation
during fabrication
 Ductility, as percent elongation

where:
= fracture length^10

= original gauge length

Ductility, as percent
reduction in area

where:
= original cross-sectional
area
= cross-sectional area at
the point of fracture
 Resilience

absorb energy when it is

deformed elastically and then,
upon unloading, to have this energy
recovered.
modulus of resilience,
 Toughness

it is a measure of the ability of a

material to absorb energy up to
fracture.
fracture toughness indicates a
materials resistance to fracture
one cracks develop
 TRUE STRESS AND STRAIN

True stress
defined as the load F divided
by the instantaneous cross-
sectional area
over which deformation is occurring
TRUE STRAIN
 TENSILE PROPERTIES

1. Yielding and Yield Strength

. stress at which a material begins
to deform plastically
. point of yielding may be
determined at the end of the
linearity of stress and strain or
also called the proportional limit
True stress-true
strain relationship
in plastic region of
deformation (to
point of necking)
 ELASTIC RECOVERY AFTER
PLASTIC
DEFORMATION

when the load is reapplied the

yielding will again occur at the
point where the unloading began
 HARDNESS

defined as the material

resistance to localize plastic
deformation
 HARDNESS TEST

1. Rockwell tests
. constitute the most common
method used to measure
hardness because they are so
simple to perform and require no
special skills
2. Brinell hardness Test
like the Rockwell tests, as
indenter is used to measure hardness,
the only difference are the scales
used to present the hardness

3. Knoop and Vickers

Microhardness Tests
very small diamond indenter is use
with forces smaller than the previous
two test
used for measuring hardness of
brittle materials such as ceramics
4. Hardness Conversion
all of this test and either scale
are convertible in one another
but due to fact that the testing
the procedures are different there is
no definite scale that can be used
that would give definite conversion