GROUND WATER FLOW Seksyen 1 (Khai)

GROUNDWATER FLOW
MUHAMAD KHAIRUL FITRI BIN SARIMIN

MUHAMMAD
AA130943 NUR AIMAN BIN ADNAN
MUHAMMAD
AA130248 HAMBALI BIN MUIDNUDIN
MOHD NUR
AA131242 HAFIZ BIN MAHADI
MAH MUDDIN
AA131215 BIN AMIN AA131392
MR. KHAIRUL ZAMAN BIN ABDUL MALEK

HYDROLOGY (DAC20902)| Ground Water Flow MR. KHAIRUL ZAMAN BIN ABDUL MALEK
ntroduction
undwater makes up about twenty percent of the world's fresh water supply
roundwater is naturally replenished by surface
ater fromprecipitation, streams, andrivers
hen this recharge reaches the water table
Groundwater is hypothesized to
providelubricant that can possibly
influence the movement of faults
The Process of Ground Water Flow
Groundwater is subsurface water
which fills totally the pores and
cavities of the lithosphere (saturated
zone).
In confined aquifers a distant rise of
the groundwater table through
infiltrated precipitation water can
increase the groundwater pressure
close to the river instantly similar to
the principle of communicating tubes
in Hydraulics.
Then old groundwater along the
river will be flow instantly into the
river while new groundwater will
follow later from the distant aquifer
HYDROLOGY (DAC20902)| Ground Water Flow regions.
MR. KHAIRUL ZAMAN BIN ABDUL MALEK
In urban areas the groundwater is
affected by anthropogenic changes in
the same way as the interflow.
The sealing of the surface will reduce
the groundwater recharge. Thus the
overall amount of groundwater will be
less in urban watersheds
The impact is a lowering of the

average groundwater table which
reduces the exfiltration of
groundwater into the river.
Especially in dry periods rivers
with urban watershed show less
runoff or even fall totally dry.
ROUND WATER FLOW
SYSTEM
The water table forms a subdued replica of the topography and its
depth beneath the ground surface is greatest in the highlands and
least in thewater
The ground lowlands
flow is downwards in the highlands this region of
the flow system is the recharge area and upwards in the lowlands
this part of the flow system is the discharge area
The recharge areas are normally much larger than the discharge areas
Ground water flows from the highlands to the lowlands; from the
recharge areas to the discharge area
There are imaginary boundaries beneath the valleys and ridges
called ground water divides across which there is no flow.
Hubberts model of
ground water flow
of topography on regional groundwater flow patterns
(after Freeze and Witherspoon,
1967)
Effect
(a
DO HYDROLOGISTS LOCATE GROUNDWAT
To loc
Using scientific methods to

locate water
s
a
the
p
E WATER CYCLE: GROUNDWATER STORAG
Groundwater storage is water
existing for long periods below the
Earth's surface
The
is
yo
ta
Aq
pre
bu
and
wh
po
wa
Thu
ove
E WATER CYCLE: GROUNDWATER STORAG
Pumping can affect the level of the
water table
The
In an aquifer, the soil and rock is saturated lev
with water. If the aquifer is shallow enough as
and permeable enough to allow water to a fa
see
move through it at a rapid-enough rate, then
res
people can drill wells into it and withdraw on
water. The level of the water table can on t
naturally change over time due to changes in and
Exc
weather cycles and precipitation patterns, no
stream flow and geologic changes, and even
human-induced changes, such as the
increase in impervious surfaces, such as
roads and paved areas, on the landscape.
Estimation of global water distribution.
WATER POLLUTION ON THE
GROUNDWATER
Water pollution of groundwater, from pollutants relea
to the ground that can work their way down into
groundwater can create a contaminant plume within
an aquifer.
Movement of water and dispersion
within the aquifer spreads the
pollutant over a wider area, its
Figure: Water pollution advancing boundary often called a
plume edge, which can then intersect
with groundwater wells or daylight
into surface water such as seeps and
springs,
Petroleum-based fuels
making the cause
water water
supplies
pollution
unsafe for humans and wildlife.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Groundwater typically becomes polluted

when rainfall soaks into the
Ground
Comes in contact with buried waste or
other sources of contamination
Picks up chemicals
carries them into groundwater
Cleanup Process
1. Initially a remedial investigation is conducted to determine
the nature and extent of the contamination.
2. The record of decision is a public document that explains
which of the alternatives presented in the feasibility study
will be used to clean up a site.
3. The selected cleanup method is designed and constructed
during the remedial design/remedial action phase.
4. The operations and maintenance phase then follows.
5. Periodically the remedial action is evaluated to see if it is
meeting expectations outlined in the record of decision.
Methods of cleanup
1. Containing the contaminants to prevent them
from migrating from their source.
2. Removing the contaminants from the aquifer.
3. Remediating the aquifer by either immobilizing
or detoxifying the contaminants while they are
still in the aquifer.
4. Treating the groundwater at its point of use.
5. Abandoning the use of the aquifer and finding
an alternative source of water.
Containment
Several ways are available to contain groundwater
contamination:
physically,
by using an underground barrier of clay,
cement, or steel;
hydraulically, by pumping wells to keep contaminants from
moving past the wells; or
chemically, by using a reactive substance to either immobilize
or detoxify the contaminant. When buried in an aquifer, zero-
valent iron (iron metal filings) can be used to turn chlorinated
solvents into harmless carbon dioxide and water.
Removal
The most common way of removing a full range of contaminants
(including metals, volatile organic chemicals, and pesticides) from an
aquifer is by capturing the pollution with groundwater extraction
wells. After it has been removed from the aquifer, the contaminated
water is treated above ground, and the resulting clean water is
discharged back into the ground or to a river. Pump-and-treat, as this
cleanup technology is known, can take a long time, but can be
successful at removing the majority of contamination from an aquifer.
Another way of removing volatile chemicals from groundwater is by
using a process known as air sparging. Small-diameter wells are used
to pump air into the aquifer. As the air moves through the aquifer, it
evaporates the volatile chemicals. The contaminated air that rises to
the top of the aquifer is then collected using vapor extraction wells.
Remediation
Bioremediation is a treatment process that uses naturally occurring
microorganisms to break down some forms of contamination into less
toxic or non-toxic substances. By adding nutrients or oxygen, this
process can be enhanced and used to effectively clean up a
contaminated aquifer. Because bioremediation relies mostly on nature,
involves minimal construction or disturbance, and is comparatively
inexpensive, it is becoming an increasingly popular cleanup option.
Some of the newest cleanup technologies use surfactants (similar to
dishwashing detergent), oxidizing solutions, steam, or hot water to
remove contaminants from aquifers. These technologies have been
researched for a number of years, and are just now coming into
widespread use. These and other innovative technologies are most
often used to increase the effectiveness of a pump-and-treat cleanup.
Treatment.
Depend
On the complexity of the aquifer and the types of contamination, some
groundwater cannot be restored to a safe drinking quality.
Under these circumstances, the only way to regain use of the aquifer is
treat the water at its point of use.
large water providers,

may mean installing costly treatment units consisting of special filters or
evaporative towers called air strippers.
Domestic well
owners may need to install an expensive whole-house carbon filter or a
reverse osmosis filter, depending on the type of contaminant.
CONCLUSION
Ground water flow is the very

important sources to our live.
Important source of supply for
agriculture and many industries, and
provides a relatively uniform supply
of water in some ecologically
sensitive areas to sustain plant and
animal species.

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GROUNDWATER FLOW

MUHAMAD KHAIRUL FITRI BIN SARIMIN

MR. KHAIRUL ZAMAN BIN ABDUL MALEK

The impact is a lowering of the

Using scientific methods to

Groundwater typically becomes polluted

large water providers,

Ground water flow is the very

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