Renewable and Non

renewable energy Resources

 Energy
Energy causes things to happen around us. Look out the
window.
During the day, the sun gives out light and heat energy.
At night, street lamps use electrical energy to light our way.
When a car drives by, it is being powered by gasoline, a type of
stored energy
We learned the definition of energy in the introduction:
"Energy Is the Ability to Do Work."
Energy can be found in a number of different forms. It can be
chemical energy, electrical energy, heat (thermal energy), light
(radiant energy), mechanical energy, and nuclear energy
 Energy and Environment
o Energy and environment have a strong relationship.
o The production and consumption of energy is one of the biggest
causes of environmental damage on earth.
o It leads to large amounts of destruction of natural landscapes and
habitants through the process of fuel extraction, pollution of soil,
climate change
o Energy is at the heart of many of the worlds current
environmental problems, and posses many problems for the
sustainable development.
Energy production includes
environmental and human health costs.

Asthma

Global
Cancer
Warming

Energy
Production

Neurological
Acid Rain
Toxins

Smog
oEnergy can have many forms: kinetic, potential, light,
sound, gravitational, elastic, electromagnetic or nuclear.
o Energy are broadly classifies into two main groups:
Renewable Energy
Non-renewable Energy
Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is energy which is generated

from natural sources i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides
and can be generated again and again as and
when required.
They are available in plenty and by far most the
cleanest sources of energy available on this
planet.
Renewable technologies are suited to
large-scale production
small off grid applications
 Main forms of renewable energy
Wind energy
Hydro energy
Solar energy
Bio-fuel
Geothermal energy
Wind Power
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines.
Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as
offshore and high altitude sites, are preferred locations for
wind farms.
wind energy is believed to be five times total
current global energy production, or 40 times
current electricity demand.
This could require large amounts of land to be
used for wind turbines, particularly in areas of
higher wind resources. Offshore resources
experience wind speeds of ~90% greater than
that of land.
Wind power produces no greenhouse gases
during operation, and power is growing at the
rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed
capacity of 157,900 MW.
 Hydropowe
r
Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale
hydroelectric dams.
Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that
typically produce up to 100 kw of power. They are often used in water
rich areas as a remote-area power supply (raps).
Damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans
without using a dam.
Ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from
the ocean and the sea. This includes marine current power, ocean
thermal energy conversion, and tidal power.
Solar energy

Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar
radiation.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat
engines. A partial list of other solar applications include daylighting, solar
hot water, solar cooking and high temperature process heat for industrial
purposes.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or
active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute
solar energy.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar
thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting
materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Bio-fuel
Liquid bio-fuel is usually either bio-alcohol such as
bio-ethanol or an oil such as bio-diesel.
Bio-ethanol is an alcohol made mostly from sugar
and starch crops. With advanced technology being
developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and
grasses, are also used as feed stocks for ethanol
production.
Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure
form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to
increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Bio-ethanol is widely used in USA and in Brazil.
Bio-diesel is made from vegetable oils,
animal fats or recycled greases. Bio-diesel can
be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form,
but it is usually used as a diesel additive to
reduce levels of particulates, carbon
monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-
powered vehicles.
Bio-diesel is produced from oils or fats and is
the most common bio-fuel in Europe. Bio-fuels
provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in
2008
 Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is energy obtained by

tapping the heat of the earth .Earth's crust in
some places of the globe or from some meters
in geothermal heat pump in all the places of
the planet , this energy derives from heat in
the Earth's core.
There is also the potential to generate
geothermal energy from hot dry rocks .
Holes at least 3 km deep are drilled into the
earth. Some of these holes pump water into
the earth, while other holes pump hot water
out.
Three types of power plants are used to generate power
from geothermal energy: dry steam, flash, and binary.
Dry steam plants take steam out of fractures in the
ground and use it to directly drive a turbine that spins a
generator.
Flash plants take hot water, usually at temperatures
over 200 C, out of the ground, and allows it to boil as
it rises to the surface then separates the steam phase in
steam/water separators and then runs the steam through
a turbine.
In binary plants, the hot water flows through heat
exchangers, boiling an organic fluid that spins the
turbine. The condensed steam and remaining
geothermal fluid from all three types of plants are
injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat.
Advantages

Wide availability
Lower running cost
Low pollution
Disadvantages

Unreliable supply
Usually produced in small quantities
Often very difficult to store
Fissile Fuel Production
Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years
Total world proved oil reserves reached 1700.1
billion barrels at the end of 2014, sufficient to
meet 52.5 years of global production. The
largest addition to reserves came
from Saudi Arabia, adding 1.1 billion barrels.
The largest decline came from Russia, where
reserves fell by 1.9 billion barrels. OPEC
countries continue to hold the majority
of the worlds reserves, accounting for 71.6%
of the global total. South & Central America
continues to hold the highest R/P ratio, more
than 100 years. Over the past
decade, global proved reserves have increased
by 24%, or more than 330 billion barrels.
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES

A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-

made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption.
A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a
resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for
sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-
frames.

An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The

original organic material, with the aid of heat and pressure,
becomes a fuel such as oil or gas.

Earth minerals and metal ores, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas)
and groundwater in certain aquifers are all considered non-
renewable resources, though individual elements are almost
always conserved.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear fission uses uranium to
create energy.

Nuclear energy is a
nonrenewable resource because
once the uranium is used.
Fossil fuels

Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered

nonrenewable because they can not be
replenished in a short period of time these are
called fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels

Natural resources such as coal , petroleum ,oil and natural

gas take thousands of years to form naturally and cannot
be replaced as fast as they are being consumed.
Extraction of fuel is by mining , drilling and quarrying
 1. Millions of years ago, dead sea organisms, plants and animals settled on
the ocean floor and in the porous rocks. This organic matter had stored
energy in them as they used the sun's energy to prepare foods (proteins) for
themselves (photosynthesis).

2. With time, sand, sediments and impermeable rock settled on the organic
matter, trapping its' energy within the porous rocks. That formed pockets of
coal, oil and natural gas.

3. Earth movements and rock shifts create spaces that force to collect these
energy types into well-defined areas. With the help of technology, engineers
are able to drill down into the seabed to tap the stored energy, which we
commonly know as crude oil.
Coal

Coal is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. It is made up

of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of
sulphur.
There are three main types of coal anthracite, bituminous and
lignite.
Anthracite coal is the hardest and has more carbon, which
gives it a higher energy content.
Lignite is the softest and is low in carbon but high in hydrogen
and oxygen content.
Bituminous is in between.
HOW IS COAL
MADE ???
Coal formation process
Types of Coal Mines
 Petroleum
Petroleum formation occurs by various hydrocarbons combining
with certain minerals such as sulphur under extreme pressure.
Modern day scientists have proven that most if not
all petroleum fields were created by the remains of small animal
and plant life being compressed on the sea bed by billions of tons
of silt and sand several million years ago.
When small sea plants and animals die they will sink, they will
then lie on the sea bed where they will decompose and mix with
sand and silt. During the decomposition process tiny bacteria will
clean the remains of certain chemicals such as phosphorus,
nitrogen and oxygen.
 Finally, when the depth of the buried decomposing layer
reaches somewhere around 10,000 feet the natural heat
of the earth and the intense pressure will combine to act
upon the mass. The end result, over time, is the
formation of petroleum.
n 1859 Edwin Drake sank the first known oil well, this
was in Pennsylvania. Since this time oil and petroleum
production figure grew exponentially.
However, by this time Henry Ford had shown the world
that the automobile would be the best form of transport
for decades to come, and gasoline began to be a product
in high demand
 Chemistry of petroleum
Petroleum Chemistry is made of a mixture of different
hydrocarbons. The most prolific hydrocarbons found in
the chemistry of petroleum are alkanes, these are also
sometimes knows as branched or linear hydrocarbons.
The primary form of hydrocarbons in thechemistry of
petroleumare the alkanes, which are also often named
paraffins. These are termed saturated hydrocarbons and
the exhibit either branched or straight molecule chains.
The paraffins are very pure hydrocarbons and contain
only hydrogen and carbon; it is the alkanes which give
petroleum chemistry its combustible nature. Depending
upon the type of alkanes present in the raw petroleum
chemistry it will be suitable for different applications.
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical
name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic
saturated hydrocarbon.
In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and
carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all
the carbon-carbon bonds are single.
Alkanes have the general chemical formula CnH2n+2
C1= methane
C2=ethane
C3= propane
 Ideal combustion Reaction
Under ideal settings, where only hydrocarbon and oxygen are present, the
chemical reaction commonly called combustion, water, carbon dioxide, and
energy as the following basic equation shows.

the energy gained from the reaction is greater than the energy put into the
reaction.
The spark represents the energy need to break the carbon-carbon and carbon-
hydrogen bonds of the hydrocarbon molecule as well as the oxygen-oxygen
bond of the oxygen molecule.
The typical C-C bond requires 350 kJ/mol to break, the typical C-H bond
requires 413 kJ/mol, and the O-O bond requires about 498 kJ/mol
The H-O bonds of water release about 464 kJ/mol of energy when formed and
the C=O bonds of CO2 release about 800 kJ/mol when formed. The net outcome
is the release of energy in the form of heat.
 Seven Sisters
"Seven Sisters" was a term coined in the 1950s by businessman Enrico,
then-head of the Italian state oil company Eni, to describe the seven oil
companies which formed the "Consortium for Iran" cartel and dominated
the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s.
The group comprised Anglo-Persian Oil
Company (now BP), GulfOil (later part of Chevron), Standard Oil of
California (SoCal, now Chevron), Texaco (later merged into
Chevron), Royal Dutch Shell, Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso,
later Exxon), and Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony,
later Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil)
International Oil Companies

Name Location Revenue Reserve Size

(Billions of in Billions of
Dollars) Barrels

ExxonMobil Texas United 383 72

States
Royal Dutch The Hague 368 20
Shell Netherlands
BP/Amoco London United 308 18
Kingdom

Total SA Paris France 229 10.5

Chevron California United 204 10.5
States
ConocoPhillips Texas United 198 8.3
States
Pakistan crude oil scenario
Major Refineries of Pakistan and Their Capacity
Currently there are about five major refineries operating in Pakistan, which
are explained below (2005-06)

1. Pak. Arab Refinery (PARCO) with refining capacity of 4.50 MTO

2. Attock Refinery (ARL) with refining capacity of 1.80 MTO
3. National Refinery (NRL) with refining capacity of 2.70 MTO
4. Bosicor Pakistan Limited (BPL) with refining capacity of 1.50 MTO
5.Pakistan Refinery Limited (PRL) with refining capacity of 2.20 MTO
6.Dhodak Refinery Limited (DRL) with refining capacity of 0.12 MTO
 Natural Gas
The lightest of these hydrocarbons exist in the
gaseous state under normal conditions and are known
collectively as natural gas.
In its pure form, natural gas is a colorless, odorless
gas composed primarily of methane.
Methane, the simplest and lightest hydrocarbon, is a
highly flammable compound consisting of one
carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms
(chemical formula: CH4).
Natural Gas
Once natural gas forms, its fate depends on two
critical characteristics of the surrounding rock:
porosity and permeability.
Porosity refers to the amount of empty space
contained within the grains of a rock.
Highly porous rocks, such as sandstones, typically
have porosities large amounts of space to store
fluids such as oil, water, and gas.
Permeability is a measure of the degree to which
the pore spaces in a rock are interconnected.
A highly permeable rock will permit gas and
liquids to flow easily through the rock, while a
low-permeability rock will not allow fluids to pass
through it .
Natural gas

There are two general categories of natural gas

deposits: conventional and unconventional.
Conventional natural gas deposits are commonly
found in association with oil reservoirs, with the
gas either mixed with the oil or buoyantly
floating on top, while unconventional deposits
include sources like
shale gas, tight gas sandstone, and coalbed met
hane
.
Oil and Gas in Federal Systems , The World Bank, Washington, D.C. March 3rd and 4th, 2010
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