WASTEWATER

COLLECTION SYSTEMS
EAT 356
LECTURE 2

Ir Basuki bin
Baharom
Sewer Design - General
Requirements

Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guide.

Volume III Sewer Networks and Pump
Stations.
Malaysian Standard MS 1228:1991
Code of Practice for Design and
Installation of Sewerage System
Flow Rate Estimations
Considerations when selecting the diameter
and gradient of a sewer are:
to cater for peak flow
to ensure that there will be a sufficient
velocity during each day to sufficiently
cleanse the sewer of slime and sediment
to limit the velocity to avoid scouring of
sewers
Flow Rate Estimations
Average Flow
An assumed contribution per person of 225 litres .

Peak Flow
Is used to determine the diameter and gradient of the pipeline.
The most severe flow when considering daily flow fluctuations
and infiltrations

-0.11
Peak Factor = 4.7 (PE/100)

Where PE is the Population Equivalent

Pipe Roughness
Design of Gravity Sewer
Minimum depth of soil cover over the sewer shall be 1.2
m.
Sewers are not to be constructed under buildings.
The minimum size of public gravity sewers shall be 225
mm in diameter.
The minimum size of domestic connections to the public
sewer shall be 150 mm in diameter.
The maximum design velocity at peak flow shall not be
more than 4.0m/s.
Design of Gravity Sewer

Shall be based on the following

equations:
1. Colebrook - White Equation
2. Manning Equations
3. Hazen - Williams Equations
Colebrook - White Equation
Colebrook - White Equation
Manning Equations
Manning Equations
Hazen - Williams Equations
Hazen - Williams Equations
Design of Force Mains
The minimum diameter of force mains (also known as
rising mains) shall be 100mm diameter.
All bends on force mains shall be securely anchored to
resist lateral thrusts and subsequent joint movements.
Air release valves and washouts shall be provided at
appropriate locations along the longitudinal profile.
For long and undulating force mains, hydraulic pressure
transient analyses may be required to ensure that the
force main can cope with water hammer pressures.
Design of Force Mains
Retention times in force mains must not exceed 2 hours
without special precautions to mitigate septicity.
All force main shall be designed to withstand at least 1.5
times the working pressure.
Where retention times in the force mains exceed two
hours and where concrete pipe are laid downstream of the
force mains, an induct vent shall be provided at manholes
receiving pumping discharges
Design of Force Mains
Friction losses are normally calculated
using either Darcy - Weisbach
(Colebrook-White) Equation or Hazen-
Williams Equations. The forms of the
equations are different from the
equations used to design gravity
sewers. The equations are listed below
Design of Force Mains
1. Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Design of Force Mains
1. Darcy-Weisbach Equation (Continue)
Design of Force Mains
2. Hazen-Williams Equation
Design of Force Mains
2. Hazen-Williams Equation (continue)

The design velocity shall fall within the range of 0.8 to

3.0m/sec over the full range of design flows.
The hydraulic resistance of force main fittings and
bends shall be included in the hydraulic design
Structural Design of Sewers

The structural design of a buried sewer

can be divided into the following two
categories:

a) rigid pipe
b) flexible pipe
Rigid Pipes

Pipes which are classified as rigid are:

i. vitrified clay pipe
ii. reinforced concrete pipe
 Rigid Pipes

VCP (Vetrified Clay RCJP (Reinforce Concrete

Pipe) Jacking Pipe)

RCP Reinforce (Concrete

pipe)
VCP (Vetrified Clay
Pipe)
Rigid Pipes
The failure of a rigid pipe normally occurs by pipe fracture.
This strength is determined using a three point loading test
The pipe support designs permitted by this guideline are
limited to those in typical beddings. They include the
following:
i. granular bedding/ Crusher rock
ii. concrete cradle
iii. concrete arch (with granular bedding)
iv. concrete surround
Rigid Pipes
Granular bedding design shall be adopted wherever
possible.
Concrete support or arch designs should be avoided.
This is due to the difficulty in achieving full contact of
the concrete support with the pipe ring.
A higher strength pipe in combination with crushed rock
support is preferred over a lower strength pipe in
combination with concrete support or arch designs.
Flexible Pipe Structural Design
Pipes which are classified as flexible are:
i. PE pipe
ii. GRP pipe
iii. ABS pipe
iv. Steel pipe
 Flexible Pipe Structural Design

Ductile Iron Pipe (DI) Spigot and

Ductile Iron Pipe (DI) Flange
Socket Type
Type

Corrugated HDPE
HDPE Pipe
Flexible Pipe Structural Design
The mode of failure of a flexible pipe is usually by
excessive pipe ring
deformation, except for GRP pipe which may be by
excessive pipe ring strain. The occurrence of such a GRP
pipe failure depends on the wall thickness
 The mode of failure of a flexible pipe is
usually by excessive pipe ring
deformation, except for GRP pipe which
may be by excessive pipe ring strain.
The occurrence of such a GRP pipe
failure depends on the wall thickness.
CORROSION IN SEWERS
Causes for Crown
Corrosion
Bacteria in the slime under
flowing sewage convert
sulphates in the sewage into
sulphides. Sulphides in the
liquid make their way to the
surface of the sewage and
released into the sewer
atmosphere as hydrogen
CORROSION IN SEWERS
Causes for Crown Corrosion

H2S gas in atmosphere makes contact

with slime in the crown of the sewer,
which contains more bacteria. Bacterial
action converts,H2S gas to sulphuric acid
which causes corrosion in the crown of
the pipe and this corrosion is also called
crown corrosion. If pipe material is of
corrodible nature sulphuric acid attacks
the pipe material and causing ultimate
failure
Corrosion Control Measures
The following measures should be
considered during design for corrosion
control in Sewers Design shall provide for
self-cleansing velocity, good ventilation,
low turbulence, flushing facilities, minimal
periods of flow and minimum stagnation
Corrosion Control Measures
Pipes made of inert materials are preferable.
In case of large diameter pipes, RCC with
sacrificial lining of 25 to 50mm thick is the
suitable pipe material.
Lining the inside of the RCC pipe with sulphate
resistant or high alumina cement as sacrificial
layer may increase the life expectancy of the
pipe by 3 to 5 times.
RCC pipes are manufactured with sulphate
resistant cement when the soil contains sulphur
Corrosion Control Measures
For metallic pipes (DI or MS) the acceptable linings are
cement mortar lining either with sulphate resistant or
high alumina cement.
The design of sewer section with a depth of flow of
about 0.8D will minimize the chance of corrosion.
Good ventilation usually removes condensation in the
immediate vicinity of the air inlet.
Periodic flushing of sewers is necessary toremove
solids accumulation and control their subsequent
anaerobic decomposition and H2S formation
Manhole
Manholes shall be constructed with pre-cast
concrete sections surrounded by an in-situ
concrete surround.
Protecting lining/coating shall be provided to prevent
corrosion of the concrete due to sulphide attack.
Walls shall be either rendered with sulphate
resistant cement mortar at least 20mm thick or lined
with PVC, HDPE or epoxy coating. PVC or HDPE lining
shall be at least 5mm thick
Back-drop Manhole
Provision of back-drop manhole shall be based on
the following criteria:-
a) for pipe size equal to 225 mm or less, back-drop
manhole shall be provided when the difference in
invert level is equal to 900 mm or more.
b) for pipe size more than 225 mm, back-drop
manhole shall be provided when the difference in
invert level is equal to 1000 mm or more.
Manhole Location
Manhole shall be provided for the following
locations:
i. the starting end of all gravity sewers, this may
be replaced by a terminal layout
ii. every change in direction or alignment for
sewers less than 600 mm in diameter
iii. every change in gradient
iv. every junction of two or more sewers
v. every change in size of sewer
Manhole Location
The spacing between manholes shall
not be more than 100 m for sewers
less than 1.0 m in diameter.
For sewers with diameter larger than
1.0 meter, the spacing between
manholes shall not be more than 150
m.
 EXAMPLES
A project development consisting of 530 units
of houses, a 40 bed hospital, a 5 service bay
petrol station and a day school capacity of
800 students.
1. Calculate the PE (population Equivalent)
for the above project.
2. Calculate the peak flow.
PE Calculation
530 unit houses x 5 PE per unit =
2,650
40 bed hospital x 4 PE per bed =
160
5 service bay x 18 PE per bay =
90
800 student x 0.2 PE per student =
160

Total =
Thank you all