Basics of Petroleum

Geology and

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Formation Evaluation

Jack Horkowitz
Petrophysics Domain Advisor
Drilling & Measurements
Outline

Introduction to Petroleum
Rocks

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Petroleum Systems (Elements & Processes)
Drilling Process and the Wellbore
Logging and Why We Log
Reservoir Heterogeneities and Applications
Petroleum
Explorations Challenge
Interpreting the Unseen

Surface Geology

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- Aerial photos
- Geologic maps

Subsurface Analysis
- Gravity
- Magnetics
- Seismic
- Well logging

Silicon Graphics
The Goal - Black Gold
Petroleum Supplies our Energy Needs

Light Texas Crude Heavy Texas Crude

Palo Pinto Field Humble Oil Field

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North Texas Southwest Texas
 What is Petroleum?
Petroleum:
a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath
the earths surface
Hydrocarbon:

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an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Petroleum Products
A Barrel of Crude Oil Provides:

Gasoline - 19.5 gallons

One Barrel =
42 gallons

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Fuel Oil - 9.2 gallons

Jet Fuel - 4.1 gallons

Asphalt - 2.3 gallons
Kerosene - 0.2 gallons
Lubricants - 0.5 gallons
Petrochemicals,
other products - 6.2 gallons
American Petroleum Institute, 1999
What is Petroleum Used For ?
More Than 3,000 Products

Detergents - Cosmetics
Fertilizers - Weed Killers

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Medicine - Antiseptics - Anesthetics
Plastics - Synthetic Fibers
Synthetic Rubber
Rust Preventatives
Liquid Petroleum Gas

American Petroleum Institute, 1999

 History of Petroleum
First Use: Egyptians: oil to preserve mummies
Chinese: natural gas for fuel
Babylonians: oil to seal walls and pave streets
Americans: tar to seal canoes

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First Drilling: Chinese using bamboo: to 800 in 347 AD
Americans using cable tool: to 70 in 1859 AD

First Product: Kerosene for lamps

Gasoline was unwanted by-product

Demand Industrial Revolution

Increase: - Internal Combustion Engine (1885)
- Global Economic Growth
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Rocks
The Earth
Rock Cycle
Classification of Rocks
Depositional Environments
The Earth

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Crust
10 miles
plastic

liquid

solid

Inner Core Core Mantle

750 miles 1400 miles 1800 miles
= 10.7 g/cc = 4.0 g/cc
 Classification of Rocks
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

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Rock-forming Source of

Rocks under high

material

Molten materials in Weathering and

temperatures
deep crust and erosion of rocks
and pressures in
upper mantle exposed at surface
deep crust

Recrystallization due to
process

Crystallization Sedimentation, burial

heat, pressure, or
(Solidification of melt) and lithification
chemically active fluids
 The Rock Cycle

Magma
Co
ng S o o lin g
i ( C r li d i
ys fic a

t
el
t al a t

nd
M
iz a

i o n)
n
t io

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Metamorphic Heat and Pressure Igneous
Rock We Rock
ath
eri
rphism)

And Dep
Transp
n
an g, Tr
ure
And

Wea
d D an
ep spo
Press

osi
tion rtatio
tamo
Heat

t
o
h
n,

r
o

e
t a
s

ri
t
ition

ng,
ion
e

Weathering,
(M

Transportation
Sedimentary and Deposition
Rock Sediment
C em
en ta tio n a nd
C o m pa c t i o n
(L ithifica tio n)
Sedimentary Rocks
Most important for the oil industry as they contain
most reservoirs, seals and source rocks
Two primary categories of sedimentary rocks

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Clastic (detrital eroded from existing rocks)

Conglomerates, sandstones and siltstones
Shales, organic-rich shales and coal
Chemical (formed through chemical or biological
processes)
Carbonates (limestone and dolomite)
Evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite and salt)
Petroleum Systems
Elements
Source Rock
Reservoir Rock
Seal

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Migration Route
Trap

Processes
Hydrocarbon Generation
Migration
Accumulation
Preservation
Timing
 Petroleum System
Petroleum SystemElements
Elements

Anticlinal Trap

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Top Seal Rock
(Impermeable)
Reservoir Rock
(Porous/Permeable)
Potential
Migration Route

Source Rock
(Organic Rich)

24803
Petroleum System Elements

Source Rock rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone

organic matter
Reservoir Rock rock in which oil and gas accumulates

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Porosity space between rock grains in which oil accumulates
Permeability passage-ways between pores through with fluids
move
Seal Rock rock through which oil and gas can not move
effectively (such as mudstone or claystone)
Migration Route avenues in the rock through which oil
and gas moves from source rock to trap
Trap structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses
oil and gas into an accumulation
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Basic Rock Properties
Porosity
Permeability
 Good Porosity = Lots of Space for Petroleum
Porosity
VP

VB

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Pore-Filling Cement Reduces Porosity
Quartz grain

Calcite cement
Porosity and Grain Size
A rock can be made up of small grains or large grains but
have the same porosity
Porosity depends on grain packing and sorting, not grain size

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 Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the ease at which a
fluid can flow through a rock
a rock must have porosity to have permeability

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The rate of flow of a liquid through a rock depends
on
pressure drop
viscosity of the fluid
intrinsic permeability of the matrix (rock)
unit of measurement is the Darcy
Permeability
Controlled by size and connectivity of pore throats

Pore

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Throat Pores Provide the
Volume to Contain
Hydrocarbon Fluids

Pore Throats Restrict

Fluid Flow

Scanning Electron Micrograph

Norphlet Formation, Offshore Alabama, USA
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Hydrocarbon Traps
Hydrocarbon Trap Types

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Anticline
Fault
Salt Dome

Pinchout

Unconformit
y

American Petroleum Institute,

1986
Hydrocarbon Trap Types

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Hydrocarbon-formation_to_entrapment.s wf
Seismic Imaging
Vibrator Truck
Recording Truck (Energy Source)
Geophone
(Receivers)

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Returning
Sound Waves

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

Seismic Image of Anticline

1000

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Milliseconds

2000

3000
1 km
Structural Hydrocarbon Trap Anticline
(Dome)
Gas
Oil

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r
ate
W

Sandstone
Shale
 Structural Hydrocarbon Traps
Gas
Shale Oil Oil/Gas Closure
Trap
Contact

Se
al Oil/Water
Contact

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Oil
Fractured Basement Fold Trap

Oil / Gas
Salt Sand
Diapir Oil Shale

Fault Trap
Salt Dome (modified from Bjorlykke, 1989)
Stratigraphic Hydrocarbon Traps

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Uncomformity Oil/Gas
Oil/Gas
Pinch out
Unconformity

Oil/Gas

Channel Pinch Out

(modified from Bjorlykke, 1989)
 Petroleum
Petroleum System
System Processes
Elements

Gas
Cap

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Accumulation Oil
Entrapment Water Seal Rock
Reservoir
Rock

Migration
120 F

Source Rock 350 F

Generation
24803
Petroleum System Processes
Generation burial of source rock to temperature and
pressure regime sufficient to convert organic matter into
hydrocarbon

Migration movement of hydrocarbon out of the source

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rock toward and into trap

Accumulation volume of hydrocarbon migrating into a

trap faster than the trap leaks, resulting in an accumulation

Preservation hydrocarbon remains in reservoir and is not

altered by biodegradation or water-washing

Timing trap forms before or during hydrocarbon migration

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Drilling Process and the Wellbore
Drilling
Drilling Rig Crown
Crown Block
Block

Rig

Mud
Mud Hose
Hose Traveling
Traveling Block
Block

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Kelly
Kelly Hook
Hook
Rotary
Rotary Table
Table
Mud
Mud Pump
Pump Swivel
Swivel

Draw
Draw Works
Works
Casing
Casing
Casing
Drill Pipe
Drill
Drill Pipe
Pipe
Bit Bit
Bit
24803
Drilling

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Rock Bit Cuttings Core (Diamond) Bit Core
Types of Wells

Vertical Deviated Horizontal

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Drilling Mud Mud System

Drilling Mud
Lubrication of drillstring

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Cool bit
Carry cuttings to surface
Pressure control
Build mudcake to stabilize formations
Optimize drilling rate (ROP)
Borehole Environment

Borehole Fluids (Drilling

mud)
Water base mud
Fresh or salt saturated

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Oil base mud
Sensors
+
Electronics
Varying composition and
Formation water
to be
Measured Air, Foam, Formate,
Additives (barite, KCl, LCM,
)
Borehole
Fluid Mud composition and
borehole temperature
impacts logs
Must be corrected for