Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Major criticisms:
People who don't need diagnosis and treatment will get it
Labeling is disabling labels are applied to the whole
person (she is schizophrenic) versus seeing that the
individual is suffering from a particular disorder
Anxiety and Mood Disorders
Ch. 16 Psychological Disorders
The DSM-5 added a new category of disorders called
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
(OCRDs) (also called Obsessive-Compulsive
Spectrum Disorders in the research literature).
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Generalized Anxiety
Disorder
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQqldk_Bg3
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Common Obsessions & Compulsions
Among Children & Adolescents with Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder
Thought or Behavior % Reporting
Symptom
Obsessions (repetitive thoughts)
Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40%
Something terrible happening (fire, death, 24
illness)
Symmetry, order, or exactness 17
Biological
Explaining Anxiety Disorder
Learning Perspective
Fear conditioning:
General anxiety is linked with classical
conditioning of fear
Inthe laboratory, when rats were given
unpredictable electric shocks, they later became
anxious and apprehensive in their lab environment
58% of those with social phobia experienced their
disorder after a traumatic event
For many victims of post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), anxiety increases with any remainder of
the trauma
PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder
Learning
Perspective
Stimulus generalization:
Remember that generalization is the tendency
(once a response has been conditioned) for
stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to
bring out similar responses
ex. A person who is afraid (conditioned
response)
of heights (conditioned stimulus) after falling
might later generalize that fear
to planes
Explaining Anxiety Disorder
Learning Perspective
Reinforcement:
After phobias & compulsions develop,
reinforcements help maintain them
Avoiding or escaping the feared situation
reduces anxiety thus reinforcing the phobic
behavior
Compulsive behaviors similarly reduce anxiety
Observational learning:
Learn fear by observing others fears
Explaining Anxiety Disorder
Biological Perspective
Natural Selection:
We are biologically prepared to fear threats
that had been faced by our ancestors
Therefore phobias focus on dangers faced by
our ancestors (e.g. snakes, closed spaces,
heights, storms, darkness)
Compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors
that help our survival
Explaining Anxiety Disorder
Biological Perspective
Genes:
Some people seem more genetically
predisposed to particular fears & high
anxiety
Identical
twins often develop similar
phobias, sometimes even when raised
separately
Explaining Anxiety Disorder Biological Perspective
Physiology:
Anxiety disorders are biologically measurable as an
over arousal of brain areas involved in impulse
control and habitual behaviors
PET scans of people with obsessive-compulsive
disorder reveal unusually high activity in the frontal
lobes (A PET scan is a medicine imaging test that
creates images of body function and metabolism.
PET imaging can be used to evaluate normal and
abnormal biological function of cells and organs.)
Fear learning experiences can traumatize the brain,
by affecting the amygdala
When amygdala is damaged it affects sensitivity to stimuli
associated with strong emotions. For example, Adolphs,
Russell, and Tranel (1999) found that patients were able to
tell when a face was sad or happy, but could not tell a slightly
sad face from a very angry face: they all just looked
"unhappy.
Link to TEDx OCD
speaker
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRWN4UvWl
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MOOD DISORDERS
Mood disorders: psychological disorders
characterized by emotional extremes
Two new disorders have been added: Disruptive Mood
Dysregulation and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.
The DSM-5 no longer has a separate category of disorders for children.
Instead, disorders are grouped together into diagnostic categories that
share similar features and presumed etiologies. This disorder applies to
children up to age 18 with persistent and frequent irritable episodes of
behavioral dysregulation.
The Grief/Bereavement exclusion for depression has
been removed!
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder Symptoms include at least 5 of the
following most months in the days before a woman starts menstruating:
Affective lability (mood swings, feeling suddenly sad or tearful)
Irritability or anger or increased interpersonal conflicts, feeling overwhelmed
Depressed mood, feeling of hopelessness, or self-deprecating thoughts
Anxiety, tension, feeling of being on edge, decreased interest in usual
activities
Difficulty in concentration, getting tired easily, or lack of erngy, change in
appetite, food cravings, sleep too much or insomnia, physical symptoms ex.
Joint or muscle pain, weight gain
Mood Disorders
Depression is the common cold
of psychological disorders.
In fact:
Depression is the number one
reason for people to seek mental
heath services
It is the leading cause of
disability worldwide
Mood Disorders
Depression is a response to past and current loss. (As
opposed to anxiety which a response to a future threat)
It acts as a signal for our body to take protective measures!
Depressive disorders are characterized by extremely sad
moods & a lack of energy that disrupts a persons normal
ability to function in their everyday life
Two emotional extremes of mood disorder:
(1) major depressive disorder
(2) bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which a person
Major Depress experiences 2 weeks or more of
ive Disorder -depressed moods
: -feelings of worthlessness
-decreased interest or pleasure in
activities
-weight gain/loss
-inability to sleep or too much sleep
-thoughts of death/suicide
for no apparent reason.
(Dysthymic Disorder)
Persistent Depressive
Disorder:
A depressed mood that lasts most of the day, nearly
every day, for two years or more
It is less severe than major depressive disorder, but it
lasts longer
Experience chronic low energy & self-esteem, have
difficulty concentrating or making decisions, and sleep
& eat too much or too little
Bipolar
disorder is much less common than
major depression
occurs in about 1% of the population
afflicts both men and women equally
Newer drug treatments, have been
successful in managing symptoms for
many individuals
Explaining Mood
Disorders
Freuds psychoanalytic theory (importance of
early childhood experiences and unconscious
impulses) suggests that depression occurs when
significant losses evoke feelings associated with
losses experienced in childhood
Genetic influences:
mood disorders run in families
risk of major depression & bipolar
disorder increases if you have a
depressed parent or sibling
even if identical twins are raised in
different environments, they have
greater similarities for depressive
tendencies
Explaining Mood Disorders
Biological Perspective
Depressed brain
norepinephrine (a neurotransmitter
that increases arousal and boosts
mood) is overabundant during mania
and scarce during depression
serotonin is scarce during depression
repetitive physical exercise reduces
depression
(it increases serotonin)
PETscans show that brain energy
consumption rises and falls with emotional
swings of bipolar disorder
4. Cognitive 2. Negative
and Explanatory
Behavioral Style
Changes (Pessimism,
(Hopeless self-blaming)
Attitude,
Fatigue) 3. Depressed
Mood
End of class pick me up
happy - Minions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOWDb2TB
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