GENERATORS

Context:
1.Introduction to Generators.
2.Principle of working.
3.History of Generators.
4.Types of Generators.
5.practical Generator.
6.Generators in daily life.
1.Introduction to Generators
Thedevice which converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy is called generator

MEHANICAL ENERGY GENERATOR ELECTRICAL ENERGY

1.Introduction to Generators
What Are They?

Standby generators offer a steadfast solution to extended

outages. Unlike portable generators, they're installed
permanently on a concrete pad in your building and will provide
uninterrupted backup for days.

That's because they're connected directly to your building's

electrical panel and powered by an external fuel supply, such as
natural gas, liquid propane, or diesel.
1.Introduction to Generators
How They Work?

The brains behind the operation is an automatic transfer switch that

disconnects you from your utility after detecting an interruption in service.

Once your home is safely off the grid, the switch starts up the generator
before transferring its power to the building's electrical panel. At the heart of
the system is an internal combustion engine, which is usually fuelled by the
local natural gas supply. Where natural gas isn't available, liquid propane or
diesel stored in a large tank nearby can be used.

Keep in mind these systems rely on a finite amount of fuel that could run
dry if storm damage prevents delivery or increased demand hampers supply.
1.Introduction to Generators
When municipal power resumes, the switch shuts down the
generator and reconnects your buidling to the grid. This seamless
operation makes standby generators ideal for commercial buildings,
as well as those needing uninterrupted use of electric-powered
medical equipment. They're also crucial for anyone running a home
business.

The transfer switch acts as a safety mechanism too: It prevents back-

feeding electricity to the grid, a potentially lethal practice that can
start fires and harm utility workers attempting to restore your
neighbourhood's power.
 1.Introduction to Generators
They Need A Lot of Upkeep

Like cars, standby generators run nonstop for many hours, so they have to be
maintained as if they were, well, cars. Generally, bigger units require more
care.

"After 24 to 48 hours of continuous use, get it serviced.

"After around 10 days, have a professional change the oil and the filter."

Your generator will stay healthy through a lifetime of outages if you check the
engine oil daily during use, run it at no more than 75 per cent of its rated
capacity, replace overworked or deformed motor brushes, and avoid starting
or stopping it under load whenever possible.
2.Principle of working:
In generators mechanical energy is transformed
into electrical energy.
The principle of all of the generators is same,
although the detail of construction may be differ
somewhat.
A generator has two main parts:

Coil

Magnet
 1.Introduction to Generators
Figure 1 depicts the basic components of a typical standby
power system which include the following

1.Engine generator set

2.Transfer Switch
3.Battery System
4.Engine/Generator Control
5.Fuel System/Storage
6.Exhaust and Inlet/Outlet Air
1.Introduction to Generators

1. Engine generator set which consists of an engine coupled

with a generator that it drives.

2. Transfer switch - The Transfer switch is the component in the

emergency and standby power system that transfers power from
the normal power source to the alternate power source when the
normal source of power fails.

3. Battery System:
Purpose The reliability is paramount in emergency and standby
power applications. A common cause of engine generator sets
failure to start is a battery failure.
1.Introduction to Generators

5. Fuel storage and pumping system:

A typical fuel system consists of a day tank and a bulk storage tank.

6. Air Supply and Exhaust A means of providing an unimpeded

flow of fresh outside air into the generator is necessary and
serves two purposes:
a) Cooling air for the generator and to keep the generator room
comfortable and,

b) To provide clean air available to the engine for combustion.

1.Introduction to Generators

Engine generator sets are just that an engine coupled

with and driving an electrical generator. There are several
types of gen sets that are classified by the energy source
(fuel) of their prime mover (in this case the engine):

Gasoline Engine
Diesel Engine
Gas Turbine/Engine
1.Introduction to Generators
Petrol Engine sets are available from several hundred
watts to about 100 kW. Smaller sets use two- and four-
cycle high speed, lightweight engines. Larger sets use
multiple cylinder engines built for automobiles and trucks.

Diesel Engine sets are available for just under 100 kW to

10,000 kW. Diesel gen sets are rugged, dependable and
most suitable for continuous duty. The fire and explosion
hazard is considerably lower than for gasoline engines/

Gas Turbine/Engine gen sets are available up to 10,000 kW. They

are compact and lightweight compared to the other prime
movers making them suitable location and mounting in
restricted spaces on roofs of buildings. The gas turbines
are modified air craft auxiliary power and small propulsion
power turbines. The sets require as much as 120 seconds
to start, reach rated speed and deliver power making them
not suitable for emergency power applications.
1.Introduction to Generators
1.Introduction to Generators
4. Controls

Both engines and the generator require panels for displaying

operating conditions and for mounting the controls, providing
protection and displaying alarms.

Engine Panel the engine control panel provides the following

typical functionality

Cranking control equipment, including cranking cycle, battery

charger state and battery condition.
Control switches, RUN OFF AUTOMATIC switch
Shutdown and lock-out control to operate from the protection
system
Annunciator to respond to protection system
Emergency shutdown
2.Principle of working:
Generator works on
Faradays law of
electromagnetic
induction. When coil is
rotated in a magnetic
field by some
mechanical means
magnetic flux is
changed through the coil
and consequently EMF
is induced in the coil.
3.History and evolution of
Generators
Michel Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii were
pioneers who invented early machines like
generator. There are following stages of
evolution of Generators.
Electrostatic generators.

Principle of electromagnetic induction.

Invention of Dynamos.

Alternators and their evolution.

Electrostatic Generators:
Before the connection
between electricity and
magnetism was
discovered Electrostatic
generators were
invented.
They were never used
for commercial power
generation and were
left due to inefficiency
and difficulty.
Principle of electromagnetic
induction:
The scientific principle
on which modern
generators work was
discovered by Michel
Faraday, he gave first
electrical demonstration
of electromagnetic
induction in august 1831.
Then he created worlds
first electrical generator
caller Faradays disk
Dynamos:
Dynamos use
electromagnetic
principles to convert
mechanical rotation into
a pulsating direct
electric current through
use of a commutator.
1st dynamo was built by
Hippolyte pixii in 1832.
Alternators:
After that alternating Lord Kelvin and
current generators were Sebastian Ferranti also
invented. 1st TWO done some work.
PHASE AC GENERATOR
was built by
J.E.H.Gordon in 1882.
In 1886 1st public
demonstration of
ALTERNATOR SYSEM
was given.
Nikola Tesla done very
useful work in evolution of
alternators.
4.Types of Generators:
According to output generators are of two types, AC
generators and DC generators.
According to mechanical work input generators can also
be classified. As engine generators , human powered
generators , turbine generators and wind mill generators.
Types of Generators:
Mainly used generators are engine generators.
They are also known as Gensets. They use
engine, which provides mechanical energy by
use of chemical energy provided by different
chemicals as Gasoline, Propane, Diesel fuel and
Natural gas.
They can further be classified into 3 main types.
1.Standby Generators
2.Portable Generators
3.Commertial Generators
Standby Generators:
These are large, often
permanent units often
stationed outside a
building and like to provide
backup power in case the
in electricity switches off.
They can sense when a
power interruption has
occurred and
automatically start to
provide emergency power
Portable Generators:
These generators are
designed to be transported
whether on cart trailer or
by hand where there is no
utility of power.
They are capable of
providing up to 1000
kilowatts of power. They
use either diesel natural
gas , gasoline or propane
as fuel
Commercial Generators:
In areas where power
supply is intermittent or
lacking as in THIRD
WORLD provincial
areas, generators can
also be set up to
provide additional
power.