Two-Dimensional Heat Analysis

Finite Element Method

20 November 2002
Michelle Blunt
Brian Coldwell
Two-Dimensional Heat Transfer

Fundamental Concepts Solution Methods

Heat Flux Mathematical
Adiabatic Experimental
Steady-State Theoretical
Finite Differences
Finite Element
Analysis
 One-Dimensional Conduction
dT
q x K xx
dx
K thermal conductivity
dT temperature change

Ein E gen U Eout

qin A dt Q A dx dt U qout A dt
q heat conducted E kinetic energy
Q internal heat source U stored energy
A cross - sectional area t time
 Two-Dimensional Conduction
dT dT
q x K xx K zz
dx dz

Ein E gen U Eout

qinX A dt qinZ A dt Q A dx dt
U qoutX A dt qoutZ A dt
 Experimental Model

Two-dimensional heat
transfer plate from lab 6.

Upper and left boundary

conditions are set at 0oC;
lower and right conditions
are constant at 80oC.
Theoretical Model
Finite Difference
1st order :
T dT Tm,n Tm 1,n

x dx x

2nd order :
T
2T
x Tm 1,n Tm 1,n 2 Tm ,n
x 2 x x 2

Solve system of equations :

A T C T A C
1
 Theoretical Model
Finite Element

Domain
x x
Subdomain e

Domain with degrees of freedom Domain divided with subdomains

with degrees of freedom

x
x

The fundamental concept of FEM is

that a continuous function of a

continuum (given domain ) having

infinite degrees of freedom is replaced
by a discrete model, approximated by

a set of piecewise continuous functions

having a finite degree of freedom.
x
 Structural vs Heat Transfer
Structural Analysis Thermal Analysis
Select element type Select element type
Assume displacement function Assume temperature function
Stress/strain relationships Temperature relationships
Derive element stiffness Derive element conduction
Assemble element equations Assemble element equations
Solve nodal displacements Solve nodal temperatures
Solve element forces Solve element gradient/flux
 Finite Element 2-D Conduction
Select Element Type

1-d elements are lines

2-d elements are either
triangles, quadrilaterals, or
a mixture as shown
Label the nodes so that the
difference between two
nodes on any element is
minimized.
 Finite Element 2-D Conduction
Assume (Choose) a Temperature Function
Assume a linear temperature function for each element as:
t ( x, y ) a1 a2 x a3 y
a1

a1 a2 x a3 y 1 x y a2
a
3
where u and v describe
temperature gradients at (xi,yi).

3 Nodes 1 Element
2 DOF: x, y
 Finite Element 2-D Conduction
Assume (Choose) a Temperature Function

T N i ti N j t j N m t m
ti
T N i N j N m
tj


tm
T temperature function
N shape function
t nodal temperature
 Finite Element 2-D Conduction
Define Temperature Gradient Relationships

T N i N j N m
ti Analogous to strain
x x x x
g tj matrix: {g}=[B]{t}
T N i N j N m
y y y y tm

[B] is derivative of [N]
1 i j m
B N
x x i j m

Heat flux/Tempe rature Gradient :

qx K xx 0
g D g
qy 0 K yy
 Finite Element 2-D Conduction
Derive Element Conduction Matrix and Equations

Conduction Convection
k B D B dV h N N dS
T T

V S

x
L 1
L x x
tA B D B hP
T
1 dx
0
x L L
L
AK xx 1 - 1 hPL 2 1
- 1 1
L 6 1 2
 Finite Element 2-D Conduction
Derive Element Conduction Matrix and Equations

1
f Q Q V dV 1 for constant heat source
T QV
V
3
1

f k t
for each element
Stiffness matrix is general term for a matrix of known coefficients being
multiplied by unknown degrees of freedom, i.e., displacement OR
temperature, etc. Thus, the element conduction matrix is often referred
to as the stiffness matrix.
 Finite Element 2-D Conduction
Assemble Element Equations, Apply BCs

F K t
From here on virtually the same as structural approach.
Heat flux boundary conditions already accounted for
in derivation. Just substitute into above equation and
solve for the following:

Solve for Nodal Temperatures

Solve for Element Temperature Gradient & Heat Flux
Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 9 Time: 6s
Nodes: 16 Memory: 0.239MB
Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 16 Time: 6s
Nodes: 25 Memory: 0.255MB
Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 49 Time: 7s
Nodes: 64 Memory: 0.326MB
Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 100 Time: 7s

Nodes: 121 Memory: 0.438MB
Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 324 Time: 7s

Nodes: 361 Memory: 0.910MB
Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 625 Time: 9s

Nodes: 676 Memory: 1.535MB
Algor: How many elements?

Elements: 3600 Time: 15s

Nodes: 3721 Memory: 7.684MB
 Algor: How many elements?

Automatic Mesh

Elements: 334 Time: 7s

Nodes: 371 Memory: 0.930MB
Algor Results Options
 Algor: How many elements?
Smaller Elements Fewer Elements

Higher accuracy Faster

More time, memory Less storage space
 References

Kreyszig, Erwin. Advanced Engineering

Mathematics, 8th ed.(1999)
Chapters: 8, 9

Logan, Daryl L. A First Course in the Finite

Element Method Using Algor, 2nd ed.(2001)
Chapters: 13
 Questions?

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