Waste Water

Treatment : Cadmium
Removal by
Adsorption

Presented by-
Saurabh
Meshram
 Sources of Cadmium in
the Environment
Natural Sources Anthropogenic Sources

Forest fires Mining, ore dressing

Eaths Crust Smelting of nonferrous
Sedimentary Rocks metals
Weathering and erosion Battery manufacturing
of parent rocks industry
Volcanic Activity Cigarettes
Processed and refined
foods
Tap water
Plated containers
Air pollution
Sources and effects of
Cadmium
 Permissible Limit
Sr. Use Maximum Cd
No. Concentration as Cd

1 Drinking water 0.003 mg/l

2 Irrigation 0.01 mg/l
3 Livestock 0.05 mg/l
Source: status of trace and toxic metals in Indian Rivers, Central Water Commission,
Govt. of Inidia

World Health Organization, US Environmental Protection agency, and

the EU Directive have set 0.005 mg/L as the maximum cadmium(II)
concentration level in domestic water supplies.

Agency Cd Concentration Maximum Permissible Limit in

effluent Discharge

Indian Standard 1-2 mg/l

USEPA 2 mg/l
 Techniques for removal of
cadmium from wastewater
Precipitation
Coagulation
Flotation
Ion Exchange
 Cadmium removal by precipitation1
Method pH Initial Residual Remova Remark Ref.
Concentra Cadmium l Eff.
tion (mg/l) Concentrati
on (mg/l)
Hydroxid 6- 100 <0.3 >99.7 Lime/mg(OH)2 2
e 10 used as
Precipita precipitant to
tion get 100%
Carbonat 10 7092 0.25 100 4200 mg/l CO3 3
e
Precipita
tion
Sulphide 4- 500 0.01 >99.99 4
10
precipita
tion
Cadmium Removal Efficiency by Different methods
Method pH Initi Residua Remo Remark Ref.
al l val
Con Cadmiu Efficie
c. m ncy
(mg Conc.
/l) (mg/l)
Coagul 4-10 250 >99 Electrocoagulation with aluminium and 5
ation zinc electrodes Time = 4070 min
Flotatio 5.5- 100 Colloid precipitate flotation using sodium 6
n 6.5 sulfide as coagulant and oleic acid (HOL)
as the surfactant
Ion 5.5 1.0 100 MnO2 loaded D301 resin 7
exchan
ge
Cadmium removal by membrane
filtration
Membran Pore Initial Remo Remark Ref
e size Conc. val .
Efficie
ncy
Micellar 10,000 0.5mM 994 Amicon regenerated cellulose8 8
enhanced Da
UF
Polymer 50,000 50 mg/l 100 Ceramic; chitosan as complexing 9
enhance Da agent
UF
Nanofiltrati 98 Polysulfone 10
on ; IGEPAL (6% wt)
RO 25-200 98.5 Polyamide11 11
mg/l
Emulsion 500 mg/l 95 Span-80 emulsifying agent 12
Liquid
Membrane
Supported 0.2 m 5 mg/l 79 EDTA-stripping agent 13
liquid
membrane
 ADSORPTION
Classification of Adsorbent

1. Activated carbon
2. Polymer and beads
3. Nanoadsorbents
4. Natural adsorbents
 Cadmium Removal by
adsorption
Method pH Initial Remo Remark Ref
Conc. val .
(mg/l) Efficie
ncy
Adsorption- 6 50 98.8 Steam activated 14
Activated sulfurised carbon
Carbon
Adsorption 6 25 97.4 Amidoximated poly 15
-polymer acrylonitrile/organobento
nite composite
Adsorption- 123.4 99.91 Aluminium-silica 16
nanoparticle nanoparticle by sol-gel
technology
 Natural Adsorbent

Natural minerals,
industrial and Microbial and
Agro Based
municipal wastes animal biomass

Fly ash Enterbactor

Perlite Rice husk
Fungi
Olive stone Wheat bran
Algae
Baggase
Bone Char
 SOME BIOADSORBENT AND THEIR CAPACITY

Name of Capacity Experimental Ref.

Bioadsorbent condition
Chitosan/perlit 178.6 mg/g Temp-250C 17
e pH-6
Mulberry wood 403.73 mg/g Dose of Mulberry wood 18
sawdust sawdust = 0.1 g
pH = 6.0 at room
temperature
Pseudomonas 278 mg/g pH-7 19
sp. Contact time-90 min
PARAMETER EVALUATION
pH
Contact Time
Solute Concentration
Adsorbent dose
ADSORPTION
The molecules at a surface of a material
experience imbalanced forces of
intermolecular interaction which
contribute to the surface energy. It causes
accumulation of molecules of a solute or gas
in contact with the
substance. This preferential accumulation of
substrate molecules at the surface is called
adsorption which is
purely a surface phenomenon.
Types of Adsorption
Physisorption
Chemisorption
ADSORPTION ISOTHERMS
A relation between the amount of adsorbate
adsorbed on a given surface at constant
temperature and the
equilibrium concentration of the substrate in
contact with the adsorbent is known as
Adsorption Isotherm.
Different Adsorption isotherms
Gibbs Adsorption Isotherm
This isotherm normally considers the case when
adsorbents are liquids and adsorbates are soluble or
partially soluble in it e.g., surfactants / water or
organic liquid / water system.

Freundlich Adsorption Isotherm

It is an empirical relation between the amount of an
adsorbate adsorbed per unit weight (x/m, mg g -1) of
adsorbent and the adsorbate equilibrium
concentration (Ce, moles L-1) in the fluid.
Langmuir Isotherm
In the Langmuir model, the adsorbent surface is considered to possess a
number of active interaction sites for adsorption. Langmuir derived a
relation between adsorbed material and its equilibrium concentration.
Assumptions
There are fixed adsorption sites on the surface of the adsorbent. At a given
temperature and pressure, some fraction of these sites are occupied by
adsorbate molecules. Let this fraction be .
Each site on the surface of the adsorbent can hold one adsorbate molecule.
The heat of adsorption is the same for each site and is independent of .
There is no interaction between molecules on different sites.
Considering the processes of adsorption and desorption of the molecules on
the surface, the Langmuir
adsorption isotherm may be obtained as follows:
Rate of adsorption of molecules on the surface of the adsorbent = k aCe(1 -
)
Rate of desorption = kd
http://vlab.amrita.edu/?
sub=2&brch=190&sim=606&cnt=2
At equilibrium
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