Unit I: English Tenses

In English, Tenses holds permanent potency because the verb exchange

concerning with the time and the person. If we are comparing with Indonesia
language, however the verb in this language will never exchange because of
the person or the time form. For example the verb: To begin
The conference begins today
The conference is beginning now
The confrence began yesterday
The confrence will begin after tomorrow
The conference has begun ever since few weeks ago
These tenses refer to five expressions and is normally used with a simple
present, present participle, simple past, simple future, and present perfect.
Three main categories tenses are

A. Present tense consisted on:

1. Simple present tense (habitual
present)
2. Presnt continous tense
3. Present perfect tense
4. Presnt perfect continous tense
B. Past tense consisted on:
1. Simple past tense
2. Past continuos tense
3. Past perfect tense
4. Past perfect continous tense
C. Future tenses consisted on:
1. Simple future tense
2. Future continous tense
3. Future perfect tense
4. Future perfect continuos tense
The above three mains tenses is always
based
up on English speakers which are sometime
focussed their concentration on English tenses
(time effect). The distribution of tenses in daily
activities can be specfied as following:
1.Simple present tense

Abbriviation: subject+infinitive
Examples;
I
you
We never get up early on Sunday

They
He
never gets up early on Sunday
She
 Exercise 1: Situate the word in the column with the subject.
1. Every nation (atempt) to propose and maintain an adequate
national structure.
2. Management personal (set) and (carry) out policies the
business.
3. A pub is a place that prevatively (serve) alcoholic beverages.
4. Computers (do) many tasks for us that would be extrmely
difficult if we not have them.
5. My father (not work) in a bank , but (work) in an insurance
office.
6. The gardener (grow) flowers very well, but he (not grow)
vegetable.
7. He (prefer) psychology to phylosophy, he (know) a lot of
children.
2. Present continous tense

Abbreviation: S+to be (am, is, are) +ing

form
Example:
I am
You
We are studying English now
They
He
She is
It
3. Present perfect tense

Abbreviation: S+ have/has + past

participle
Example:
I
You have
We
They protected him
from the
He has crowed people
surround
4. Present perfect continuous tense
Abbreviation: S +have/has+been+ing form
Example
I
You have
We
They been informing
him the
He has news about the
accident
She
5. Simple past tense
Abbreviation: S+verb II form
Example
I
You
We
They went to the theatre
yesterday
He
She
6. Past continous tense
Abbreviation: S+was/were+ing form
Example
I
He was
She
You establishing
the text
We were
They
7. Past perfect tense

Abbreviation: S+had+past participle

Example:
I
You
We
They had taken the books
from the
He shalve and began
to read it.
She
8. Past perfect continuos tense
Abbreviation: S + had + been + ing
form
Example:
I
You
We
They had been counting
the money.
He
She
9. Simple future tense
Abbreviation: S + shall/will + infinitive
Example:
I
We shall
You visit the big boss
in Bogor
They tomorrow
morning.
He will
She
10. Future continuous tense
Abbreviation: S + shall/will + be + ing
form
Example:
I
We shall
You
They be driving the
car till now
He will
She
11. Future perfect tense

Abbreviation: S+shall/will+have+past
participle
Example:
I shall
We
You
They have
participated in the
He will family.
She
12. Future perfect continuous tense
Abbreviation: S+shall/will+have+been+ing
form
Example:
I
We shall
You
They have been attending

He will the party next

weekend.
She
 Reading texts
1. Read loud the below text.
A child may become delinquent
because his life lacks some of the
elements necessary to healthy, normal
growth. All boys and girls where they
are wanted, where there are parents
they can depend on. They need a
decent place to live, a chance to go to
school, space enough to play, outlets
for their healthy interest. They need
adulth guidance and supervision.
A. Answer the following questions
1. What do you know about this text?
2. The child discuss in this text is not normal. The
reason is ..
3. What will a child wants in his or her life?
4. What cause a child may become delinquent?
5. Where all boys and girls depend on?
6. Explain what do the children need from their
parents?
7. Why does a child become delinquent?
8. Who need to go school?
9. What things necessary for the children?
10. Does a child may become delinquent?
11. Do children need a chance to go to school?
12. Do cildren need guidence and superpision?
B. Put the verb in the bracket into present tense
(1) Every nation (attempt) to prepare and main-
tain an adequate or enough national structure.
(2) Management personnel (set) and carries out
policies for the business.
(3) Computer (do) many tasks for us that would be
extremly difficult if we did not have them.
(4) My father (not work) in a bank but works in an
insurence office.
(5) The gardener (grow) flowers very well, but he
does not grow vegetables.
2. Read loud of the below text
I am writing this passage to
explain the use of the present
continous tense. I am looking out of
the window and see students
having breakfast.
Some are just sitting, others are
enjoying their lunch. There are also
students who are reading
announcements on the board, com-
paring notes and preparing
themselves for the next lecture.
A. Answer the following questions
1. This first sentence talks about?
2. Who is looking out of the window?
3. What does the writer find outside?
4. Who are enjoying their lunch?
5. What are other students doing?
6. What is the first paragraph talking about?
7. Who is writing this passage?
8. Does he or she explain about the use of past
tense?
9. Are other students reading their book?
10. Are they preparing their note?
11. Are the students reading a magizine or a book ?
12. Is the writer preparing himself for his lecture?
B. Put the verb in the bracket into present
continuous Tense
1. What John (do)? He (work) in the garden.
2. They are continually (pull down) old the
house and (build) new ones.
3. Come in quitely, the students (take) a test.
4. You (come) to this lecture tonight.
5. Come in, you (not disturb). He (not work), he
just (take) a rest.
6. Nowadays the educational system is also
(focuss) upon the non formal.
3. Read Loud the below Text
All children who come to training school
have failed to behave in ways that are
acceptable to the community. The
training school today has become
aware that stimulating and
strenghtening the childs maturing
process is really what is most important
in their work.
Over the last few years, the many
workers have established warm friendly
and sensitive ties based on the respect
of each individual child.
A. Answer the following questions
1. What is the text tittle according to you?
2. Who come to training school?
3. Why have their failed to behave in ways?
4. What are acceptable to the community?
5. What is the theme of this text?
6. The main idea discuss in first paragraph is
.
7. What have many workers established?
8. Where were these ties based on?
9. What do know about the word friendly?
10. Explain in your language the word warm
B. Practise since and for
1. Bill own this house. He bought it in
January.
2. The Johnsons live in canada. They moved
there in january.
3. Mr. Brown is in the hospital. He went there
three weeks ago.
4. I give up smoking last mont, and I haven;t
smoked again.
5. I began to work here in march and I still
work here now.
4. Read Loud the below Text
Mr. Smith used to be a clerk in a post
office but now he has been replaced by
his second son, Tommy. During the
replacement, Tommy has been promised
that he will hold the task honestly.
With a typist carrier he has been doing
a lot of works from time to time. Last
month he has been typing letter for the
year report. This month he has been
revising hundreds data for completing
the future report.
A. Answer the questions that below
1. Did Mr. Smith used to a clerk?
2. Where was he being a clerk?
3. Was he retired now?
4. Who has replaced by?
5. Has Tommy replaced his father?
6. What did promise to do?
7. Is Tommy a typist carier?
8. How many works does he responsible?
9. What does he do this month?
10. Has he been hundred data?
B. Put the verb in the bracket into correct tense
(present perfect) or present perfect continuous

1. We (have) nothing to eat since eight

o,clock in the morning.
2. That child (grow) very much since I
last saw her.
3. Her healthy (improve) greatly since
she went to live in the country.
4. He (not visit) us since last christmas.
5. They (not speak) to each other
since they had that quarrel.
5. Read Loud the below text

Florence Nightingale was a famous

English nurse. She was born on May
1820. She consi-dered because of
her dedication to the care of war
victims. Nightingale was a founder of
modern nursering and a pioneer in
sanitation and hygiene. She was born
in Florence, Italy. She was obtaining
brief nursering training in the early
1850. She was appointed as super
vision of nursering at British army
hospitals during the crimean war.
Her nursering care in Turkey and the
Crimea
revolutionised army medical care greatly
reduced
mortality rates and brought about strick sanitary
and nursering standards.
In 1860 she was establishing a school for training
nurses that was becoming a model for modern
nursering training. Her major works include 1 notes
on matter afecting the health, efficiency and hos-
pital administration of the British army.
In 1907 she was becoming the first woman
awarded the British order of merit. She died on
Augest 1910 at the the age of 90 years old.
 A. Give short answer the below questions

1. What do you know about Florence

Nightingale?
2. How did she dedicate all of her life?
3. Where and when was she born?
4. What did she think about sanitation and
hygiene?
5. What was she appointed during the Cremian
war?
6. Did she obtain a very long nursering training?
7. Did the nursering raise the mortality rates?
8. Did she establish a school for training nurse?
B. Fill in the blank with suitable words of text
Florence Nightingale . famous
English nurse (1). She was . On may 1820
(2). She consider because . her to the care
of world victim (3). Nightingale was a . Of
modern nursering (4) . pioneer in
sanitation and hygiene (5). She was . in
Florence Italy (6). She was obtaining
.nursering trainig . the early 1850 (7).
She was appointed . supervision . British
army hospital . Cremean world (8).Her
nurserinng care . Turkey . The cremea
repolutionised army medical care (9).
6. Read Loud The below Text
The first International confrence to carry
out Henry Dunant idea. It took place in
Genewa on Octobert 1963. Fourteen
countries participated in the confrence
which put out the basic principles of an
international relief organization.
The confrence suggested to form
volunteer societies in every country to
give help to the wounded people in a war.
A. Answer these below questions
1. Who was Henry Dunant?
2. When did she carry out her idea?
3. Where did she take place ?
4. What is the above text topic?
5. What is the main idea discuss in the first paragrph?
B. Ask the below sentences
1. Henry Dunant was the famous auther.
2. He was the red cross founder.
3. He was also forming volunteer society.
4. He suggested to have a confrence.
5. The confrence carried out Henry Dunant idea.
6. You usualy heard Henry Dunant name.
7. Heny Dunant is a black ethnic, ..... ?
8. He isnt a white ethnic, .......?
 7. Read Loud the below Text
Most people are afraid of sharks, but they usually do not know
very much about them. For example, there are 350 kinds of
sharks, and all of them are meat eaters. some sharks are very big.
The whale shark is 50 feet long. But some sharks are very small.
The dwarf shark is only 6 inches long. Sharks are 100 million years
old. In fact, they live the same time as dinosaurs. They keep the
ocean clean they eat sick fish and animals. Most sharks have four
or six rows of teeth. When a sharks tooth falls out another tooth
moves in from behind. Sharks do not have ears. However, they
hear sound and movements in the water. Any sound and
movement makes the water vibrate. Shark can feel these
vibrations, and they help the sharks find food. Sharks use their
large eyes to find foot too. Most sharks see best in low light. They
often hunt for food at dawn, in the evening, or in middle of the
night. Scientists want to learn more about sharks for several
reasons. For example, cancer is common in many animals including
people. However, it is rare in sharks. Scientists want to find out
why sharks almost never get cancer. Maybe this information can
help people prevent cancer too.
A. Ask these below questions
1. Are people afraid of sharks?
2. Why do people usually not know the sharks?
3. How many kinds of sharks in the ocean?
4. Are they meat eaters?
5. Mentioned Dwarf sharks characteristic!
6. How long will the sharks holt out in the
ocean?
7. Do sharks keep clean the sea?
8. When will the sharks eat fish and animal?
9. Can the vibration help the sharks to find
food?
10. Why were scientists want to learn the
sharks?
B. Form into question sentence the below
statements
1. I know what he wants
3. She often feels ill
4. I think I am right
5. I remember this address
6. He works hard
7. He leaves the house at eight o,clock
8. He cries when he is hurt
9. She felt tired yesterday
10. I am sure she is thirsty yesterday
11. He feeds the bird with corn
12. She is working hard nowadays.
13. He is a hendsome boy in his village.
14, Marry is a most nice girl inher town,
8. Read loud the below Text
At six o,clock on April 21, 1986,
the living room and the front part of
this mans house fell in. The man was
having consruction work. The
workers werent there when the
accident happened, so nobody was
hurt.
Reporter asked the owner, what
ware you doing when the room fell
in? He answered my wife and I were
talking to guests. Were showing
them the crack in the front room
A. Answer the following questions
1. What time does this event happen?
2. Who is the owner concern the text?
3. What was the owner doing?
4. Are there any workers hurt in the accident?
5. How many were hurts?
6. Who asked for the owner?
7. What was the reporter question?
8. How was the owner answering?
9. To whom was the writer talking to?
10. what did the writer and his wife talk to the
reporter?
B. Form into question the below sentences

1. The man was having construction work.

2. The workers werent there when the accident have
happened.
3. The workers were digging a hole.
4. The owners wife was talking to guests.
5. She was showing the cracks room.
6. The house owner was calling the construction company.
7. The owners was crying for asking help.
8. The living room was crack.
9. The front part of the mans room fell in.
10. There wasnt any body coming to help the owner.
11. This event happened on April 21, 1986.
12. We have heared the loud sound.
9. Read loud the below text

Loro Jonggram temple

I was stying in Yogyakarta for a few days, and every morning I went to
Parambanan and studied the Loro Jonggram temples. I stopped the car about a
hundred meters from the temples and then walked. You could see the whole
group only if you were at least that far way.
I did not stop at the first wall, because there are no temples between the
first and the second walls. At the second wall I stopped a momant and looked
at
the two small temples there each about fourteen meters high.
These two are all that still stand of the 224 temples once stood between the
second and the third walls. Then I went on the other side of the third wall and
looked at the eight temples which I was standing. I was especially in
Interested in the largest three temples, the temple of Silva, Brahma, and Visnu.
The largest, the temple of Silva is forty seven meters high. It is more than a
thousand year old but it is still very beautifull.
A. Answer the question that belows
1. What is the main idea of the above passage?
2. Who was staying in Yogyakarta for a few days?
3. Where did the writer went every morning?
4. How did the writer go to Parambanan?
5. Why did not the writer stop at the first wall?
6. Where did the writer stop a moment ?
7. How many small temples did the writer look there?
8. How many meters high of the small temples?
9. How many pargraphs of the above text?
10. What did the first paragraph talk about?
11. Where is this story taking place?
12. Have you efer heard about Silva temple?
13. Do you still remember the name of Silva, Brahma and
Visnu?
14. Does the writer history college ?
15. Did the writer observe about the history relief?
16. The relief is an old temple or young temple!
B. Change the verb in the bracket into past form
or past continues tense the below exercises
1. I was (stay) in Yogyakarta for a few days.
2. Every morning I (go) to Parambanan temple.
3. I (stop) the car about a hundred meters from
the hotel
4. We (can) see the whole temples there.
5. I (do) not stop at the first wall.
6. At the second wall I (stop) a momnt.
7. I (look) at the two temples there.
8. Then I (go) on the other sides of the wall.
9. I (loo) at the eight temples which was I
studying.
10. I (be) interested in the largest three
temples.
10. Read loud the below text
Democracy and government efficacy
What is happening in Egypt is the latest example of the interplay
between democracy, protest and government efficacy. Democracy is
a way of deciding the decisionmakers, but it is not a subtitute for
making the decision. I remember an early conversation with some
young Egiptsans shortly after President Mubaraks downfall. They
believe that, with democracy problem would solved. When I probed
on the right economic policy for Egipt, they simply said that it would
be fine because now they had democracy : chaca of working.
I am a strong supporter of democracy. But democratic government
does not on its own mean effective government. Today, efficacy is
the challenge. When government do not deliver, people protest. In
fact, as Turkey and Brazil show , they can protest even when, on any
objective basis, countries have made huge progress. But countries
move from low to middle income status, the peoples expectation
rise. They want quality services, better housing, good infrastructition,
especially transport.
This is a sort of free democratic spirit that operates outside the
convention of democracy that election decide the government. It is
enermously fuelled by social media , itself a revolusionary
phenomenon . It moves very fast in precipitating crisis. It is not
A. Answer the below uestions
1.What is the first paragraph talking about?
2. What is definition of democracy?
3. Chance of working is a form of democracy, is it?
4. Is democracy a way of deciding the decision maker?
5. What can the democrcy solve?
6. What is the synymous word of efficacy?
7. Who believe that the policy of economy in Egipt will
be fine?
8. Who is Mubarak cocerning the text?
9. Who deals democracy conversation first?
10. Who is strong supperter of democracy acording the
text?
11.Do demcratic government on or not?
12. Do people protest undelivery democracy?
B. Translate into Indonesian language the below sentences.
I am a strong supporter of democracy. But democratic
government does not on its own mean effective government.
Today, efficacy is the challenge. When government do not
deliver, people protest. In fact, as Turkey and Brazil show ,
they can protest even when, on any objective basis, countries
have made huge progress. But countries move from low to
middle income status, the peoples expectation rise. They
want quality services, better housing, good infrastructition,
especially transport.
This is a sort of free democratic spirit that operates outside
the convention of democracy that election decide the
government. It is enermously fuelled by social media , itself a
revolusionary phenomenon . It moves very fast in precipitating
crisis. It is not always consistant or rational. A protest is not a
policy or placard a program for government . But it
governments do not have clear argument with which to rebut
the protest, they are trouble.
11. Read this text
Physical and mental health care
To take care physical and mental health, we have to balance
between our
activity and rest. It is impossible for the muscles to work on
and on
without resting . The working muscles cause fatigue. Fatigue
influences our
physic and mental. After doing an activity we have to take a rest. By
resting
It means that the activities of our organs decrease. But that kind of
rest is not
a perfect one.
The perfect rest is to sleep soundly. Lack of rest may cause us
fall ill. But resting too much is not good either. It makes us lazy. A
good and
sufficient rest makes us feel fresh and healthy.
When we are sleeping, our muscles stop working and our
nerves
weaken to receive outside stimulus, with the exception breathing,
digestion and circulation of blood. In order to sleep soundly,
A. Answer the following questions
1. What can be done for taking care our mentaland health?
2. What should take a rest when take a wark?
3. What is the theme of this text?
4. What is the topic of the above text?
5. What cause our body fatigue?
6. What should be done after doing an activity?
7. What is defintion of resting?
8. What will make us fresh and healthy?
9. Resting too much is not good either, is it?
10. Sleeping soundly after having breakfast is good way, is not it?
11. When we are sleeping our muscle stop working, arent we?
12. Have we to balance between our activity and rest?
13. Is resting too much make us lazy?
14. Should we throw away all of our problems before taking a sleep?
15. Is drinking coffee not good either?
B. Complete the prompt sentence that below! See the original
text.
1. Physical mental..
2. To take care ..
3. We have to
4. It is impossible
5. The working ..
6. Fatigue is
7. After doing an
8. By resting mean .
9. But the kind of ........
10. The perfect rest is ......
11. Last of rest may ..
12. Choose a good and .
13. Dont smoke when ...
14. Drinking coffee is
12. Read loud the below text
The commitment
President Obama has committed to making high speed wireless services
available to at least 98 percent of Americans. The availability of new wireless
broadband services will allow more Americans to use the Internet to learn,
work and play - regardless of where they live. At the direction of the Presi
dent, Federal agencies will make more airwaves available for enhanced
Smartphone and other wireless servicies within 10 years.
The president also proposed and signed into low a plan for the design and
deployment of a nationwide wireless public safety network so that our first
responders can share data and work together seamlessly across jurisdictions
in response to natural or man-made emergencies. Through the auctioning of
airwive space to companies that will devalop the next geration of wireless
servicies , funding will be available to support advances in security reliability,
and other critical features by investing in research and development in
wireless technology, while also delivering an estimated 10 billion deficit
reduction.
A. Answer the following questions
1. What has President Obama committed?
2. How many percent of Americans use the wireless servicies?
3. What for the wireless available to American people?
4. What federal agencies will make more?
5. What else things has President propsed and designed?
6. How many years the wireless servicies targetted by Obama?
7. What can responders do by applying the wireless?
8. What is the main theme discussed in first passage?
9. What is the main theme arguid in second peragrph?
10. Who hopes that the company will develop the wireless
generation?
11. What will funding be available to support?
12. How many billion dollars for deficit reduction?
13. What other things can be done by using the Internet available?
14. Who is President Obama concerning the text?
15. Where does he come from?
16. What language does he speak?
B. Fill in the missing word (s) of the text below.
I a strong supporter of democracy. But democratic
government not on its own mean effective government.
Today, efficacy the challenge. When government not
deliver, people protest. In fact, as Turkey and Brazil show , they
protest even when, on any objective basis, countries
made huge progress. But countries move . low to middle
income status, the peoples expectation rise. They quality
services, better housing, good infrastructition, especially
transport.
This . a sort of free democratic spirit operates outside
the convention democracy that election . the
government. It is enermously fuelled social media , itself
a revolusionary phenomenon . It . very fast in precipitating
crisis. It not always consistant or rational. A protest .. not
a policy or placard a program for government . But it
governments not have clear argument with which to rebut
the protest, they . trouble.
13. Read loud the below text
Economic Activity
Most people work to earn a living and produce goods and services. Goods are
either agricultural like maize and milk or manufactured like cars and paper.
Services are such things as education, medicine and commerce. Some people
provide some goods, some are provide services . Other people provide both
goods and services. For example, in the same garage, man may buy a car or
some service which helps him to maintain his car.
The work people do is called economic activity. All econimic activities
together make up the economic system of a town, a city, a country or the
world. Such an economic system is the sum total of what people do and what
they want. The work people undertake either provides what they need or
provides money with which they can buy essential commodities. Of course,
most people hope to earn enough money to buy commodities and services
which are non-essential but provide some particular personal satisfection, like
toys for children , visit to the cinema and books.
A. Exercises
Here are some questios about the passage. Answer them.
1. What is the text topic concerning the passage?
2. What is the main theme of the first paragraph?
3. Why most of the people work?
4. What do they produce?
5. Where are goods produce?
6. What do schools, hospitals and shop provide?
7. What can people buy in same garage ?
8. What do we call the work which people do?
9. What is an economic system the sum total?
10. What two things can work provide for the worker?
11. What can people buy with money?
12. Which pragraph that talk about econmic activity?
13. What do you know about economic system?
14. Why do people work most?
B. Situate the correct tenses the below sentences.

1. I (tell) a nice story to Anita yesterday.

2. She (clean) the room quietly.
3. Mr. Smith (buy) a nice car a few months ago.
4. Hasan should (receive) the lesson from his teacher.
5. The teacher (explain) the lesson clearly.
6. The thief (steal) the gold ring yesterday.
7. The detective (recover) the thief residence.
8. The police (catch) and arrested the thief.
9. The burglar (ask) something to eat.
10. She is (sing) a song beautifully.
11. michele (invite) to her party a few days ago.
12. The doctor (check) out his or her patient sickness.
13. Carla (have) a bed day at work yesterday.
14. She is (work) late nowadays.
14. Read loud the below text
The long distance teacher
Mr. Frank Garret 65, is a schoolteacher. He is an English, but he lives in
France, in the Normandy village of Yerville. Mr. Garret lives in France but he
works in England.
Every Monday, he leaves home at 2.30 in the morning and drives 101
miles from his village to Boulogne, where he lives or parks his car and
catches
the ferry to Folkestone. Then he catches the train to Maidstone in Kenth and
he arrives at Monner School at 8.25. He teaches France from 9.00 in the
morning to 3.30 in the afternoon, and then leaves school. He arrives home ar
9.30 in the evening. The journey there and back takes 12 hours and costs
only
16 .
Fortunetely, Mr. Garret works in England only one day a week. And what
does he do on the other days? He teachs English, he has a class of eigteen
France students in Yerville.
Yes, on Tuesdays I,m tired, he says, but I love my job in England and I
love
home in France. I,m happy man!
A. Exercises
Complete the questions
1. Who .......... Mr. Garret?
2. Where ......... Mr. Garret come from?
3. Where ......... he work?
4. What time ....... he leave home in the morning?
5. What time ....... He arrive at Mannor school?
6. How many hours ...... he spend in teaching the France class
in a day?
7. What time ............ he arrive home in the evening?
8. How much .......... the journey?
9. How ........ the distance from his village to Boulogne?
10. How many class ............. Mr. Garret responsible a day?
11. What language .............. he teach in Frnace students?
12. What language .............. He teach at Monnor school?
13. Who ........ tired on Tuesday?
B.
Unit 5: Modal auxiliaries
Involve modals are as below,
can - could must
may - might ought to
shall - should used to
Will - would need needed
dare dore
The above mentioned modals can be formed
into positive sentence, negative sentence,
and
intorrogative sentence.
A. In positive sentences

I can come to your house

you may read this page
We could drive the car
They might drew the tree
He must do his homework
She ought to work hard
John used to be an official
Mike needs education.
B. In negative sentences

I can not come to your house

you may not read this page
We could not drive the car
They might not drew a tree
He must not do his homework
She ought not to work too hard
John almost never to be an official
Mike does not need education.
C. Interrogative sentences

Can I come to your house?

May you read this page?
Could we drive the car?
Might they draw a tree?
Must he do his homework?
Ought she to work too hard?
Used we to work in an official?
Needs she study Indonsian?
*Unit 3. Much and many
1. The difference
Much is used with singular nouns, many is used with
plurals
I havent got much time.
How much of the roof needs repairing?
You can have as much of the milk as you like.
I dont know how many friends she has.
She didnt stay for as many days as she had intended.
2. much/many + noun
We can used much and many before noun phrases as
deter-
miner.
She didnt eat much breakfast.
There arent many large glasses left.
3. Mach / many of + determiner + noun
Before determiners (e.g. a, the, my, this) and pronoun, we
used of and many of.
You cant see much of a country in a week.
How much of the house do you want to paint this year?
I wont pass the exam. Ive missed too many of my
lessons.
You didnt eat much of it.
How many of you are there?
4. Much / many without a noun
we can drop a noun after much or many, if the meaning is
clear.
You havent eaten much.
Did you find any mushroom? Not many.
5. Not used in affirmative clauses
In an informal style, we use much and many mostly in
questions and in negative clauses. They are unusual in
affirmative clauses except after so, as and too, other words
and expressions are used, compare:
How much money have you got? Ive got plenty,
Hes got lots of men friends, he doesnt know many
women
(More natural than Hes got many men friends).
There was so much traffic that it took me an hour to get
hat
home. And there was a lot bad driving on the road.
(More natural than there was much bad driving).
You make too many mistakes lots of spelling mistakes,
for
example. (More than natural many spelling mistakes).
Unit 6: Simple Question
Simple question or short question with its
common term is yes/No question, is a question
form that usually begins with auxileary verbs or
helping verbs and to answer question alike, it
must be in positve answer or in negative answer.
Yet it is thoroughly correlative with the text
statement or tense of a text statement. Auxile-
ary verbs that usually found through the text
contents are as following:
Do
Did
Does
BE
Have
Had
Has
Am
was
Is To BE
were
Are

Can Could Must......

May Might Ought to......
Shall Should Used to.....
Will Would
Need Needed

Dare Dore
Yes/No question development derives from the
attach statement in the text. For example, John
always gets up late on Sunday morning. The
question can be recruited from the statement
is:
Does John always get up late on Sunday
morning?
Yes, he does. Or
Yes, he never gets up early on Sunday
morning.
George never comes on time to the meeting.
Does he ever come on time to the meeting?
No, he doesnt. Or
No, he never comes on time to the meeting.
Exercise: The way of developing a short question by applying BE (helping
verb).
1) Rescue workers pulled a man, a daughter and two children from the
rushing water (+)
Did the rescue workers pull a man, a woman, and two children from
the
rushing water (?)
Yes, they did (+)
2) The troubled event when Mrs. Cady lost control her car on a winding
mountain road (+)
Did the trouble event when she lost control her car on a winding
mountain
road(?)
Yes, she did(+)
3) The car was falling down as many as thirty feet long from the road
into
the water (+)
Was the car falling down into the water as long as thirty feet long (?)
Yes, it was (+)
4) The workers have rolled the car from the rushing water until landed
at the
right side (+)
Have the workers rolled the car from rushing water till landed at the
right
side (?)
Yes, it have (+)
5) All three people were wearing their seatbelts (+)
Were all three people wearing their seatbelts (?)
Yes, they were (+)
6) Nobody was hurt in this accident (+)
Was there anybody hurt in this accident(?)
No, there was not (-)
7) The water route side was too cool and too fast for safe swimming (+)
Was the water route side too cool and too fast for safe swimming(?)
Yes, it was (+)
8) Another driver told the police about the trouble (+)
Did another driver tell the police about the trouble (?)
Yes, he did (+)
Exercise 1. How is Yes/No question the below sentences

1. The writer went to the theatre last Sunday.

2. Jane has gone to New York ever since.
3. I m listening the news from the radio now.
4. They were wacthing Television last Manday.
5. We shall do the homework after tomorrow.
6. I should careful drive the car in the road.
7. You will attend the party next day from now.
8. She asked appologize to her parent.
9. They have been wandering to Europe.
10.She had been working for two months here.
11.I have never seen her for ages in this country.
Unit 7: Question words
1. Interrogative use
The words: Who, Whom, Whose,
Which, What, When, Where, and How
are applied in question to show what
kind of informatin is wanted. For
examples:
* Who said that? Asking for personal
subject.
* What did she want? Asking for
personal
object.
* When will it be ready? Asking the
Who, Whom are pronouns and acting as
subject
or object in their clause. When, Where,
Why,
and How act as adverb. What, Which,
and whose
can be pronouns or diterminers.
Compare:
What do you want? (pronouns)
What sort do you want? (Determiner)
Which is mine? (Pronouns)
2. Word order and structure

Question words normally come at the

beginning
of their clauses, for example:
* Who said that? Ask about subject
* Who do you invite ? Ask about
object.
Longer interrogative expressions.
In order to find out some kinds of
infor-
mation, we need to use more than
For instance
What time is the meeting?
Whats her boy friend?
What sort of mistic do you like?
How much did you pay?
How many people are coming?
How far do you travel to work?
Which one of the car do you wish?
Which jacket do you choose?
Whose book is this red color?
Who do you love most?
3. Asking for a verb
Question words and expressions can be used to
ask for most kinds of word, for example a subject
(Who, What) an object (who(m), what, a deter-
miner (what, which, whose) an adjective
(what...like), or an adverbial expression (where,
when, why, How). Simply that there is no simple
question that can be used to ask for a verb. We
are normally making a sentnce by using what to do, for
intance:
* Whats Helen doing?
What have you done to your leg?
What are you doing with my camera?
Whats happening in this office these days?
 What happened to that chaire?
What are you doing next weekend?
Question No. 1, is asking about
person
activity. Quiestion No. 3. 4, is asking
about transitive verb when the
subject and object both are
mentioned. Question No. 5, is asking
about complete information of event,
and question No. 6, is asking about
the subject activity.
5. Question word clause
Clause begin with question words, they can
refer both to question & to answer. They often
act as a
object of verb, where a question & an answer
are reported speech, for examples:
* I asked who wanted to come to my party.
* She wondered why he wasnt wearing a coat
* We need to deside wheres Alice going to
sleep.
* She told me when she was arriving here.
* She explained what the problem was.
* Mary hasnt said why she doesnt want to
come.
Exercise : To develop question words
1) The accident happened on the mountain road (+)
Where did this accident take place ( ?)
The accident took place on the mountain road (+)
2) Mrs. Cady was driving on the narrow mountain road and many
twists (+)
What kind of road was Mrs. Cady driving on (?)
She was driving on the narrow mountain road and twists (+)
3) The car fell down about thirty feet long from the road into the
water (+)
How far the car fell down from the road into the water (?)
It fell down about thirty feet long the road into the water (+)
4) All the people were wearing their seatbelts so that no body was
hurt (+)
Why wasnt any body hurt from the accident (?)
Because all the people were wearing their seatbelts (+)
5) Another driver told the police about the trouble (+)
Who told the police about the trouble (?)
The driver told about the trouble (+)
 6) The police called the rescue workers and a truck to pull the car out (+)
What did the police do for helping the drove on car (?)
The police called the rescue workers and a truck to pull the car out (+)
7) Paul Ruter, the truck driver arrived before the other rescue workers (+)
Who helped the trouble car and it three passengers first (?)
Paul Ruter did (+)
8) Paul Ruter who was helping Mrs. Laslie Cady got into trouble too (+)
Who got into trouble too when he tried to help Mrs. Laslie Cady (?)
Paul Ruter did (+)
9. The water was too past, the ground too slippery, he caught in a ropes (+)
What were the water and the ground condition(?)
The water was too past and the ground was too slippery (+)
Mrs. Cady saw Paul, R. When he asked for help (+)
What did Mrs. Cady do as she hear him asked for help(?)
She took his hand and pull him to the car door (+)
11. Later on, another rescue workers arrived, they brought safety ropes (+)
What did the rescue workers bring to Mrs. Cady and her children (?)
The brought safety ropes (+)
Exercises
Develop into question sentence the below statements by applying
auxiliary
verb
1. The children are playing upstairs
2. Shes sitting at the end of the garden
3. Ill see you in the pub just before eigth oclock
4. She walked right fast me
5. We all thought she sang very well
6. She has never written to me
7. It certainly looks like rain
8. They sometimes must be boart
9. You have definitely been working too hard
10. She could have easily been killed
11. We always used to go to seaside on May
12. I will have complately finished by next Jun
13. She was being well looked after
14. Ill be happily working in my garden
15. I probably wil not be here anymore
*Develop into question sentence by applying Wh.-H
question the below statements
1. Sheila was the best player in this team
2. She usually works In the post office
3. He lived in century b.c before my mother was born
4. The senate member elected the rector in the first
election
5. The dean invited me for joining the seminar
6. Indonesian pilgrim people have enjoyed their flight
7. This school I call a finest school in this village
8. There were many people in this association
9. She is going to look after the kids
10. I often come to New york by airplan
11. Haxsent parents are almost above fifty years old
12. Marvellous house posses one mast and three
grounds
13. I was enjoying my travel to California a week ago.
Unit 8: Oral practice
Here the teacher has written a short
dialogue on
the board.
T. I went shopping last Saturday.
S. Oh? What did you buy?
T. Well, I bought a new coat.
S. Anything else?
T. Yes, I bought a pullover as well.
S. I think you spend a lot of money,
dont you?
The student win
A. How much did you win B?
B. Me? 120.
C. Lucky! Well, what are you going to do with it?
D. She doesnt want to spend it. She doesnt
like spending money!
B. Stop it! Well, first of all, I need some cloths..
(all the students lough) ... So I,m going to
buy a coat
D. A new one?
C. Yes of course a new one. Im going to spend
half the money for that.
 complete the missing word in the below short
dialogue
T. I went shopping in super market yesterday
S. O? What . You buy there?
T. Well, I bought a pair of glasses.
S. Anything . Sir?
T. Yes, I bought a new pullover as well
S. I think you . a lot of money, dont you?
T. No, I just pay as many as money I have
S. Why you bargain a new suit?
T. I just paid exact amount money that I posses
S. Thanks sir for your information
T. Your welcome.
Unit 9: Introducing someone
A. Listen and practice
Tom : Paulo, who is that over there?
Paulo : Oh, thats my father! And thats my mother with him.
Tom : Id like to meet them.
Pauo : Mom and Dad , this is Tom Hayer.
Tom these are my partner.
Tom : Plesed to meet you, Mr. And Mrs. Traver.
Mrs. Traver : Nice to meet you, Tom.
Paulo : My parents are here from Brazil. They are on vocation.
Tom : Oh, where are you frm in Brazil?
Mrs Traver : We re from Rio.
B. Group Work: Take turns introdusing a partner to others.
Caroline : This is Juan. She is from Argentina.
Maria : Hi, Juan! Nice to meet you.
Juan : Nice to meet you too Maria.
While embracing each others.
Maria : Let me excuse, I should hurry go out! See you further.
 This and that
1. This and that for explaining a single noun.
This is used to point near thing, for example: This is my
house, this is the family room etc.
That is used to point far away thing, for example: That is my
house, that is the room etc.
2. These and those expalins plural noun, for example: these my
bag and pen (point near noun), those are bag and my pen
(poin far away noun).
Exercise
How much is this neckle? How much is that neckle?
Which one? The blue one. Its 42
This one That one
How much are these earings? How much those are earings?
Which ones? The yellow ones! Theyre 18
These are 18! Those are 18.
What color is this? It is dark blue
What color are these? Those are brown and black
Complete this conversation. Then practice with a partner.
1. A. Exuse me, how much .................................jeans?
B. Which .......................? Do you
mean ...........................?
A. No, the light blue .........................
B. Oh, ..................... $59.95
A. Almost sixty dollars! Are you kidding?
2. A. I like .............. Backpack over there. How
much ...............it?
B. Which ...............? Each backpack has a different price.
A. ........... red ..................
B. Its $98.50. But .................. Green is only $45.
A. May I bargon ......... green color.
B. You may not bargon at all.
A. What a ......... there.
Unit 10. Narrative: Describing people and events
Linking sentence using; first, nect, then, after that, finally.
Henry VIII(Henry the English) was King of England from 1509 till his
death
in 1549. He was a very big, fat man, but he was intelligent and educated and
a
most powerful King. For example, he was able able to put most of his
anemies- and two of hiswives-into the Tower of London. They usually stayed
there until their heads were cut off.
Henry wanted his family to rull England after his death so he needed a
son. That was one of the reasons for his many wives.
Marriage first, in 1509. Henry married Catherine of Aragon. She was a
very religious woman, but she gave him only a doughter, and no son. So
Henry
divorced her. Next he married Ann Boleyn in 1533. She was a very pretty
Brunette. However, she didnt have any sons either. So found a reason to put
her in the Tower. They cut her head in 1536. Then, in 1536, Hemry married
Jane Seymour, a kind, quiet woman. She finally gave Henry an son he later
Edward VI. Unfortunatly Jane seymour herself died in 1537.
 Exercise I: Completion.
Now copy out the story of Henry VIII and his wives and then
write the second half of the story yourself. Use these names
(Anne of Cleves, Caatherine Howard, Catherine Patt). The main
words for each sentence are in brackets. Choose the correct form
of the vorbs and add your own words where necessary.
After that ........ 1539 Henry ....... (marry) Anne of Claves. She ....
(be) young, but she ......... (be) not very...........Henry ........(be) not
happy . So he ......... (divorced) her ............1540. Then he.........
(marry) Catherine Howar. Se .........(be) 21 years old with .........
Eyes and ...... hair. However, there where bad romour about her
behavior, so Henry ...... (send) her ..... the Tower. They .......... (cut
off) her head ....... 1542. Finally, Henry ...... (marry) Catherine
Patt ....... 1542. She had ....... hair ad was ...... She was his sixth
wife and her ....... (three) husband. When Henry died in 1549, she
.......
(be) still his wife.

Notes: first, next, then, after that, finally. These are called
LINKING WORDS
Exercise 2. Completion
Use each of the five below things: (clock, cloth, car, traffic jam, office building)
That spoiled Susans morning. Write story , fill in the blanks, putting the verbs
in their correct form and adding any necessary words. Use each of the LINK
ING WORDS. Pay attention to the punctuation.
Susans Unlucky Morning
......, Susans alarm clock ...... (not wake up her. It was an old ...... and the ......
was broken. So Susan had to hurry. ......., Susan ...... (spill) the coffee while she
........ (have) break fast . It ....... (ruin) her dress, and Susan had to change her
clothe. ........., the car ....... (not start ) because it was cold outside. Susan had
to ask a neighbour to help her. ......., Susan ....... (drive quickly) because she
was late. But there was a traffic jam, which ....... (waste twenty minutes. So
she ........ (run) into her office building. ......., she ....... (see) that the lift was
out of order, and she had to walk up five floors. ........, she ........ (arrive) in the
office half hour late. She was very tired. But it did not matter. It was a holiday.
She ......... (not remember) this until she ....... (reach the office.
Unit 11. Description With Contrass
Reference Words: it, they, one/ones

Steve is helping Swedish friends who want to come and study in London
104 Abbey Road,
London SW7
18 August, 1983
Dear Gunna and Ingrid,
Im trying very hard to find you a flat in london for your years study here. Its difficu
but dont worry. I think Ive found something.
Yesterday I went to see two flats in Hommersmith. I think they are suitable
because they are both near the hospital where you will study but the first one is not a
good position. Its on a quiet street but its a long way from the undergrounf station
and from the nearest childrens school. However, the flat itself is large and modern. It
has big rooms with nice furnature.
The second one is on a very busy street. It near the underground station and the
school, but the building itself old. The flat has medium sized rooms and only basic
Furniture. On the other hand, its much cheaper than the first one, only 80 per week
instead of 110.
I asked the estate agent to wait for my answer, so phone write quilty. Tell me which
flat you prefer.
Hoping to hear from you soon,
Your Steve.
Exercise I
Completion (1) This is a plan of Steves letter opposite to complete
Underline (11) Some important words in the planare underline. Find them
in Steve letter and undrline them there too.
The Flats Good points Bad points
both
place They are suitable
because .......... both
................................
The first one
place Its near, .................. but its ...............
and
feature However ..................
and .... It .................
...............................
with ......................
the second one
place its neaar ............ Is on ............
but the building ......
The flat .....................
and ..........................
Cost On the other and...
.the first one .........
. ............................
Exercise 2 : Sentence matching
(1) When Steve contrsts the flats he uses the words: but, However, On the
other hand. You will see these words in the second column below. Link
one part from the first column with one part from the second column.
Check your answers in Steves letter!
a. It near the Underground 1. On the other hand, its much
cheaper
Station and School than the first Flat.
b. Its on a quiet street 2. but the first one is not central.
c. Its on a quiet street, far from
the Underground and the school 3. However, the flet itself is large
and in
good condition.
d. It has two average sized rooms 4. but the building itself is old
and only basic furnitures
e. They,re both near Hammersmith 5. but it is far from the
Underground
station and from the school
(11) Write some sentences by using but. Link any part from the first column
with any part from thesecond
column.
a. Her blue dress has a beautiful pattern but 1. its torn in
several part of the dress
b. The sofa in the flat is modern 2. it s not very
Unit 12. Factual reporting
Mrs. O,Toole saw a bank robbory. She talked to Sargiant Foster at the Police
Station and he tape her evidence. This is what was on the tape.
Oh, officer! It was terrible! We get up in the morning, we plan our day and we
never expect danger! I mean at 11.30 in the morning! Oh, it was terrible.
What did you see Mrs Otoole?
What did I see? Oh, yes. The robbery, of course, at the Bank. I work there. I mean
at the corner near the Bank. My newspaper stand is there, right in the corner of Hill
Road and Carlton Park road. Oh, they were owful. Those guns! And those stocking
mask s! They were wearing stocking masks, all three of them. Couldnt see their face.
But I did notice their hands. Always notice hands. You know, when people pay for my
newspaper. Anyway one of the robbers, the tall thin one.
How many were tall?
Two, One thin, one muscular. They were 1.80 m at least .
Well, the thin one had long fine fingers like a piano player. When they ran out of the
Bank, this one stood next to me for a minute, holding his gun. Long thin fingers.
Did you see the third one, Mrs. O, Toole
The third one? Didnt see him very well. He shorter, Im sure . They got into a van
Quickly.
Did you see the van? What color was it?
Alight color. Beig perhaps or or off white.
Thanks you Mrs. O,Toole.
Exercise 1. Here the report which Sergiant Foster wrote. Fill in the space with the
information from his notes. Where there are two linking words. Choose one.

Metropolitan File no. 654

On May 12 January 1983 , Mrs

O,Toole was on the corner of ......... and .....
She says that at ...... am, ....... mean ....... out of the ......
They were all wearing ...... over their faces. In addition/However,
Mrs. O,Toole claim that one of the robbors had a ........ First/Then
they all got into a ...... and drove away. The witnese thinks that
the van was ........ Or ....... but/for example she is not sure.
The witnese remembered that one of the robbers was .......
and the other was tall and ...... (about ...... In height), and
the third was ...... Beside/In addition, she claim that the
second one had ........
 Unit 13: Expressing possibility
Steve and June want to go to Paris for a few days before Easter. They wrote
to the See-It-Now Travel agency in London, and asked about some possible
ways of going cheaply. This is part of the answer they got.
In answer to your enquiries about cheap fares from London to Paris, here
are two possible mthods of travel:
1. You can by a combination of coach, ferry, and train. The ferry crosses the
channel from Dover to Calais, where you can get a train to Paris. The trip one
way, from London to Paris, takes a bit more than ten hour, and a ticket costs
40.00. However, if you choose this way travelling, youll have to travel either
Friday or on Sunday.
2. Alternatively, you may want to go all the way by coach. The coach leaves
from Victoria Station to Paris, takes fourteen hours, and the ticket cost s
25.00. If you choose a coah trip, youll be able to travel either on Thursday,
Friday, or Sunday.
Exercise 1. Fill in the following table with the information and two
suggestions given by the Travel Agency
LONDON - PARIS
A B
Coach, Ferry, Train Trough coach
Travel time
Days of week
Single fare
Exercise 2. A few days later the travel agent found a thirt method of travel and
wrote
to Steve and June again. Use the information in the table below to
complete his letter.
See-It- Now 15 Wigmore Street
London WC 2
18 May 1983
Dear Mr. And Mrs. Bragg
I wonder if you have made any decisions
about your trip to Paris. I send you detail s
of
two methods of travel which would both
very
pleasant
Table London Paris
coach, Hovercraf, Train
Travel time 8 hour
Days of week any
Single fare 35
 Exercise 3. Guided writing
Another couple, Paul and Eva are also going to Europe
in the summer. Their plans are as follows: On July, they flay to
West Berlin, where they stay for three days before flaying to
Strasburg. From there they take a boat to Paris, arriving in Paris
on 9 July. After one day in Paris, they take a train to lyons and the
next day contnue to by train to florence, where they will stay
from 11 July. Their last stop is Rome , where they will spend two
days . 14 July to 16 July, before flying home to Copenhagen.
Comprohension
Use the information in Steve and Junes itinerary below to
write a paragraph similar to the one about Paul and Eva . Use as
many of the italiced words as possible.
Itinerary
8 July travel to Paris
12 July plin to Venica
13 July train to Florence
15 July train to Milan
18 July fly to London
Unit 14. Comparing two narratives
Exercise 1. Sentence order
These sentences are in wrong order. Put them the right order to
make a story about two trips to England.
Note. You should not alter the sentences or add anything to them
1. Richard flew to London in the first class, I was in a cheap crowded
flight
2. Last year, my rich cousin and I both travelled to separatedly to
England, but we have very different experiences.
3. He was disappointed and tired of meeting only other tourists , to the
flew home early.
4. In fact, when we talked about our trip later, we ffelt that we had
been in two diffrentworlds.
5. After one night at expensive London hotel, he got a new Rolls-Royce
and drove up to aaacotland.
6. I didnt worry either, because I carried my brown camping bag and
there was always a field to sleep in.
7. I wandered around Londonfor a week, living in a small hotel near the
Themes , and explored the city by bus, by underground and on foot.
8. Driving through England and Scotland, Richard never had to worry
about accommodation, because his travel agend had booked
execellent hotel.
 Exercise 2. Composition Planning
Look at these two plans . Does your arrangement of the sentences in
exercise I follows one of them? If not, drew the plan that you followed.
Plan 1
Pargraph 1 TOPIC SENTENCES - cousin trip to
England different
Experience - return
Paragraph 2 DEVELOPMENT - method of travel
Richard...... I
- out of London
Richard ...... I
- accommedation
Richard ...... I
- foot
Richard.
Paragraph 3 CONCLUTION The English people
Richard ....... I
- home early (Richard).
Exercise 2. Planned free writing
This is the beginning of a story:
Cartlands were onmy shoulders, holding me and pulling me back from the
darkness.
Youre alive, he murmured. Thank God.
My tongue tasted like clay. It was dry and immovable in the
cave of my mouth, and all the hammers in the world were at
work just behind my eyes.
Wait, Cartland said. Hold still, turn your head this way
that better now.
Prepare to complete the story
(!) First, make your mind up about points
1. The story could tell what happened just before Cartland helped by the story
teller or it could tell what happens next (with only a vry quick explanation about
what happened before. What do you prefer.
2. Was the darkness real? Or was the story teller unconscius?
3. Is Cartland a good friend, or is he really an anemy?
4. Why is the stiory tellers tongue dry? Why does his head hurt?
5. Why does Cartlnd say, Turn your head this way? Does he want the story teller
to loolk at something ? Does he want to pull him out of a hole in the ground?
Does he want to give him a drink? Does he want to put a bandage on his head?
(!!) Now make a paln for yor story!
 Unit 15. Classitying, Giving advice
On 27 March 1983, there was a terrible accident to an oil rig,
the Alrxander Kielland in the north sea. These are the radio
signals the rig and from a rescue helicopter

From the Alexander Kielland

5.50 pm This is the Alexander Kielland. We are in trouble
Calling all ships, S.O.S.
6.20 pm This is the Alexander Kielland. We are thinking.
Calling all ships. S.O.S. Wind 40 km. Waves 7 m.
A rescue holicopter on radio to base.
7.15 pm Fifteen ships now helping The Alexander Kielland.
Several helicopter and more
*Reading practice 7
Physical and mental health care
To take care physical and mental health, we have to balance between our activity
and rest. It is impossible for the muscles to work on and on without resting . The
working muscles cause fatigue. Fatigue influences our physic and mental. After doing
an activity we have to take a rest. By resting it means that the activities of our organs
decrease. But that kind of rest is not a perfect one.
The perfect rest is to sleep soundly. Lack of rest may cause us fall ill. But resting too
much is not good either. It makes us lazy. A good and sufficient rest makes us feel fresh
and healthy.
When we are sleeping, our muscles stop working and our nerves weaken to
receive outside stimulus, with the exception breathing, digestion and circulation of
blood. In order to sleep soundly, throw away all of the problems that happened
before. The place where we are going to sleep, also influences our sleeping. Choose a
good and clean place. Dont smoke when you are going to sleep. Drinking coffee is not
good either. Coffee may influence our heart. The heart will work faster.
Form into question sentence the below statements

1. We have to balance between our activity and rest.

2. It is impossible to work all day without resting.
3. Fatigue influences our physic and mental.
4. The working muscle cause fatigue.
5. After doing activity we have to rest.
6. We have to care our healthy.
7. The perfect rest is to sleep soundly.
8. By resting , it means that the activities of our organ decrease.
9. That kid of rest is not a perfect .
10. Lack of rest may cause us fall ill.
11. By resting too much is not good either.
12. After doing activities we have to care a rest.
13. A good ad sufficient rest makes us feel fresh.
14. Our muscles stop working when we are sleeping.
15. You choose a good and clean place for to have sleep.
16. The two group did not differ significantly in term of diabetes.
Reading practice 8
Use a biological marker

The study s findings are important because they use a biological marker to show a direct
link between chronic stress and heart disease. Stressors, such as marital or financial trouble,
have been link to heart disease, but doctor could only relay on questionnaires to determine
people, s stress levels. This study looked at a more objective, measurable sign- the level of the
cortisol , a hormone released during stress that show up in the hair shaft.
Measuring cortisol levels in hair also can indicate how long a person has been stressed, says
Gideon Koren, one of the studys author and a toxicologist at the university of Western Ontario.
Cortisol , which is secreted by the adrenal glands, also shows up in urine and sariva, but that
only shows stress at the moment of measurement not over long periods of time.
Hair grows about one centimeter [a fraction of an inch] a month, so if we take a hair sample
six centimeters [2.6 inches] long, we can measure the cortisol level and determine stress levels
for the past six months, Koren says. This is critical , he adds, because what kills is chronic
stress.
In the study, researchers took 3 centimeters hair samples from 56 male heart attack patients
admitted to the Meir Medical Centre in Israel . Hair samples were also taken from a control
group, hospitalized for the reasons other than a heart attack. The two groups did not differ
significantly in term diabetes, high blood pressure smoking, and family history of heart disease.
Answer the following questions

1. Why the studys finding are important ?

2. What Stressors have been linked to?
3. What could the doctor rely on questionnaires?
4. What did this study look at a more objective?
5. What does the author organize in the passage?
6. Who says that the studys findings are important?
7. What do the studys findings use to show a chronic stress?
8. Who could determine peoples stress level?
9. What do you know about cortisol?
10. Are the studys findings important?
11. Does the university location at western Ontario?
12. Do this first paragraph tell about the surface of Antarctica?
13. A British team attempting to drill into deeper Ellsworth lake,
doesnt it?
14. Does Whillans team first describe the Lake Vostok?
15. Did the Whillans team conclude that a lake was likely underneath?
*Reading Practice 9
Drilling team
The U.S. team is one of three digging into what is known to be a vast system of
lakes and streams deep below the surface of Antarctica. A British team attempting to
drill into much deeper Lake Ellsworth had to return home in December because of
equipment failure, but a Russian team is also at work now retriaving a core of water
from Lake Vostok.
With much fanfare, the Lake Vostok core was pulled up last year from more than
2.5 miles (4kilometers) below the frigid surface. Vostok is much deeper than any
other Antarctic lake, and are both it and Ellsworth lie under much colder ice and are
believe to have less deep subsurface water flowing in and out than does Whillans.
The existence of subglacial lakes and streams in Antarctica is a relatively new
discovery, aynd the size of this wet world under the ice has only been grasped in
recent year. Helen Friker, a glaciologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and
a principal investigator of the Whillans team, first described Lake Whillans in 2007.
Using satellite data, she and her colleagoes discovered a periodic rising and filling
of the ice surface above the Whillans Ice Stream between 2003 and 2006, and
concluded that a lake was likely underneath.
Answer the below questions!
1. What is the text talking about?
2. How may teams discussed in this passage?
3. What does the text topic exactly?
4. What do the team invent?
5. What team is attempting to drill deeper of the Ellsworths
lake?
6. Which team failed to discover the equipment?
7. What do know about the lake Vostok?
8. What is relatively new discovery in Antarctica?
9. What can we state about lake Vostok?
10. Does the British team attempt to drill deeper of Ellsworth
lake?
11. Is a Russian team retrieving a core of water from lake
Vostok?
12. Does Ellsworth lie under much colder ice ?
13. Does Helen Fricker a geologist at the scripps institution?
14. Does Whillans team describe lake Willans ?
15. Does the team use first the satellite data?
Reading Practice 10
Obama commitment

President obama has committed to making high-speed wireless services available

to at least 98 percent of Americans. The availability of new wireless broadband
services will allow more Americans to use the internet to learn, work and play-
regardless of where they live. At the direction of the President, Federal agencies will
make more airwives available for enhanced smartphones and other wireless services
within 10 years.
The President also proposed and signed into law a plan for the design deployment
of a nationwide wireless public safety network so that our first responders can share
data and work together seamlessly across jurisdictions in response to natural or man-
made emergencies. Through the auctioning of airwives spase to companies that will
develop the next generation of wireless services, funding will be available to support
advances in security , reliability, and other critical features by investing in research
and
development in wireless technology, while also delivering an estimated $10 billion for
deficit reduction
A. Answer the below questions!
1. Does this text topic a Federal agencies?
2. Has president Obama committed to make wireless services?
3. Will the wireless allow Americans to use widely internet?
4. Will Federal agencies make more airwaves available?
5. Did the president propose and sign into law a plan for the design?
6. Will the available of internet enable us to reduce our stock?

B. Apply these words to fill in the missing word in the sentence: priorities
.recognizes electrical...wireless
Technology.prosperity.networks.InfrastructureIngredientaccess.
applied. growing. Platform,.
1. President Obama that technology is an essential . of economic growth
and
jab creation.
2. Ensuring America has 21st century digital . such as high speed broadband
internet ..
3. Four generation wireless .. new health care information technology and a
modernized . grid is critical to our long term and competitiveness.
4 The president is committed to ensuring America has a thriving and . Internet
economy.
5. The internet has become a global . For the communication, commerce and
individual expression.
6. The internet can be .. To make government more effective, transparent, and
accessible to all Americans.
Reading Pracitice 11
American School System demaging kids
Parents send their children to school with the best of Intentions,
believing that formal education is what kids need to become productive,
heppy adults. Many prents do have qualms about how well schools are
performing, but the conventional wisdom is that these issues can be
resolved with more money, better teachers, more challenging curricular
or more rigous tests. But what if the real problem is school itself? The
unfornate fact that one of our most charished institutions is by its very
nature failing our children and our society.
Children are required to be in school, where their freedom is
greatly restricted, far more than most adults would tolerate in their
workspaces. In recent decades, we have been compalling them to spand
over more time in this kind of setting and there is strong evidence that
this is causig psycological damage to many of them. And as scientists
have investigated how children naturally learn, they have realized that
kids do so most deeply and fully, and with greatest enthusiasm, in
condition that are almost opposite to those of school.
Compulsory education has been a failure of our culture now for
several generations. President of Obama and secretary of education Anne
Duncan are so are so enamored of it that they want even longer school
days and years. Most people assume that that the besic design of todays
school emerged from scientific evidence about how children learn. But
nothing could be further form the truth.
 Schools are we knoe them today are a product of history, not of
research. The blueprint for them was develoved during the Protestant
Reformation, when schools were created to teach children to read the Bible,
to believe Scripture without questioning it, and to obey autority figures
without questining them. When schools were taken over by the state, made
compulsory, and directed toward secular ends, the basic structure and
methods of teaching remained unchanged. Subsequent attemps at reform
have failed because they have not altered basic blueprint. The top down,
teach and test method, in which learning is metivated by a system of
rewards and punishments rather then by curiosity or by any real desire to
know, is well designed for introduction and obidience training but not much
else. It is no wonder that many of the worlds greatest enterprenour s and
innovators either left school early (like Tomas Edson) or sad they hated school
and learned despite it, not because of it (like Albert Einstein).
1. Who send their children to school ?
2. What are their expecting to their children?
3. What has education been a fixture of our culture now?
4. How many years of student should study now?
5. Who assume the basic disign of todayss school?
6. Do parents send their children to school or to jail?
7. Who is so enamored of school form today?
8. What do you know about the school today?
9. Do student parents now emerged form scientific evidence?
10. What paragraph do meet Albert Einstein name?
Reading Practice 12
Fasting for the body benefith
The benefits of fasting must be proceded by a look at the bodys progression when
deprivated of food. Due to the lack of coming energy, the body must turn to its own
recources, a function called autolysis. Autolysis is the breaking down of fat stores in
the body in order to produce energy. The liveris in charge of comverting the fats into
a chemical called a keletone body, and then distributing these bodies throughout the
body via the blood stream. The less one eats, the more the body turns to these
stored fats and creates these keleton bodies, the accumulation of which is referred to
as keleton.
Detoxification is the foremost argument presented by advocate of fasting.
Detoxification is a normal body process of eliminating or neutrlizing toxins through
the colon, liver, kidneys, lymph, glands, and skin. This process is precipatated by
fasting because when food is no longer entering the body, the body turns to fat
reserve for energy.
A second prescribe benefit of fasting is the heating process that begins in the
body during a fast. During a fast energy diverted away from the digestive system due
to its lack of use and towards the metabolism and immune system. The heating
process is precitated by the bodys search for energy sources. Abnormal growths
within the body, lumors and the like, do not have the full support of the bodys
supplies and therefore are more susceptible to autolysis.
In addition, there is a reduction in core body temperature. This is a direct result
of the slower metabolic rate and general bodily functions. Following a drop in sugar
level and using the reserves of glocose found in a liver glycogen, the basal metabolic
rata is reduced in order to conserve as much energy within the body as can be
provided. Growth hormones are also reliased during a fat, due to the greater
efficiency in hormone production.
 Finally, the most scientipically proven advantage to testing of
rejuvenation and extended like expectancy. Part of the phenomenom is
caused by number of benefit mentioned above. A slower metabolic rate, more
efficient protein production, an improve immun system, and the encreased
production of hormones contributes to this long term benefit of fasting. In
addition, to the human growth hormone that is released more frequently
during a fast, an anti-aging hormone is also produced more efficiently.
Answer the following questions
1. How many paragrph of the above text?
2. What is the text topic about?
3. What is benefit of fasting for our body?
4. Who has said that Detoxification is the foremost of testing?
5. Mention, the word meaning of Detoxification !
6. What is main theme discussed in the third paragraph?
7. Give a short describtion during a fast!
8. What do you know about the heating process in our body?
9. Must the benefits of fasting be proceded by a look at the bodys progress?
10. What is the scientifically proven advantage to fasting?
11. Is there any a reduction in a core body temperature?
12. What is human released more frequently during a fast?
Reading text 13
Free democratic spirit
When is heppening in Egypt is the latest example of the interplay
between democracy, protest and government efficacy. Democracy is a way
of deciding the decision-makers, but it is not a substitute for making the
decision. I remember an early conversation with some young Egyptians
shortly after President Mubaraks downfall. They believe that, with
democracy, problems would be solved . When I probed on the right
economic policy for Egypt, they simply said that it would be fine because n
ow they had democracy: chance of working.
I am a strong supporter of democracy. But democratic government
does not on its own mean effective government . Today efficacy is the
challenge. When government do not deliver, people peotest . In fact, as
Turkey and Brazil show, they can protest even when, on any objective basis,
countries have made huge progress. But as countries move from low to
middle status, the people,s expectation rise. They want quality services,
better housing, good infrastructure, espesially transport.
This is a spirit of free democratic spirit that operates outside the
convention of democracy that elections decide the government. It is
enermously fuelled by social medya , itself a revolutionary phenomenon. It
moves very fast in precipatating crisis. It is not always consistent or
rational. A protest is not a policy or placard a program for government. But
if governments do not have a clear argument with which to rebut the
protest , they are in trouble.
 In Egypt, the government s problem were compounded by resentment at the ideology
and intolerance of Muslim Brotherhood. Across the middle East, for the first time, and this is
a positive development , there is development, there is open debate about the role of
religion in politics.uslim Brotherhoods superior organization, there is probably a mamajority
for an intrinsically secular approach to government in the region.
Society can be deeply imbued with religious observance, but people are starting to
release that democracy only work as a pluralistic concept where faiths are respected and
religion has a voice, not a veto. For Egypt, a nation with an immanense and varied
civilization, around 8 million Christians and young population who need to be connected to
the world, there is not really a future as an Islamic state that aspires to be part of a regional
calphate.
Answer the following questions
1. What is the text topic?
2. What is the first paragraph talking about?
3. Explain the meaning of democracy!
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Some and any
The application of some and any can both as plural countable noun
or uncountable nouns. They can be used as adjectives and as nouns.
I have some books (adjective)
I dont have any books (adjective)
Let me see some beautiful pictures (nouns)
I need some razor blades (nouns).
Some is applied in positive sentence and any is applied in negative
sentence.
I have some money in my pocket
I do not have any money in my pocket
Sometimes we hear someone is asking questions,
Have you any money?
Have you some money?
Both of the last question statements above is:
First sentence pictures us that we do not know if he/she has money,
while the second question tells us that he/she has money.
Comparison (2): Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
1. One-syllable adjectives (regular comparison)
Adjective Comparative Superlative

old older oldest Most

adjectives
tall taller tallest +
-er, - est
cheap cheaper cheapest
late later latest
Adjective ending in e
nice nicer nicest +-
r, -st the pronunciation of:
Note
fat fatter fattest One
younger
vowel + one conso- stronger
big bigger biggest
youngest
nant: double consonant
strongest
longer
thin longest
thinner thinnest
harder hardest
2. Irregular comparison
e
Good better best
Bad worse worst
Ill worse
Fat farther/further
farthest/furthest
Old older/elder
oldest/eldest
The determiners little and much/many have
irregular comparative and superlative
Little less lest
Much/many more most
Few fewer fewest
Less lesser least
3. Two syllable adjective
Adjective ending in y have - ier, -ist
Happy happier happiest
Easy easier easiest
Some other two syllable adjectives can have er and
est, especially adjective ending in an unstressed vowel,
/I/or /r/
narrow narrower narrowest
simple simpler simplest
clever cleverer cleverest
quiet quieter quietest
With many two syllable adjectives (e.g polite
,common), -er/-est and more/ most are both possible.
With other s (including adjective in ing,-ed,-ful, and
less), more and most is possible.
4. Longer adjective
Adjective of three syllables have more and most.
intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
practical more practical most practical
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Words like unhappy (the opposite of two syllable adjectives
ending in y) are exception.
unhappy unhappier unhappiest
untidy untidier untidiest
Some compound adjectives like good looking or well known
have two possible comparatives and superlatives.
good - looking better-looking best-looking
or more good looking most good
looking
well-known better-known best-known
or more well known most well
known
5. more, most with short adjectives
Sometimes more/most are used with adjectives that normally have er/est.
This can happen, for example when a comparative is not followed
immediately by then, forms with er also possible., for examples:
The road s getting more and more sleep (or sleeper and sleeper .
When we compare two descriptions (saying that one is more suitable or
accurate then another) , we used more comparatives with er are not
possible.
Hes more lazy then stupid ( Not. Hes lazier then stupid)
Thank you very much indeed. That most kind of you. (NotThat is
kindest of you)
Real, night, wrong, and like always have more and most.
Shes more like her mother then her father
I feel all the better for that swim
Her accident made it all the more important to get home fast
He didnt seem to be any the worse for his experience
He explained it all carefully but I was still none the wiser.
Note that this structure is used only to express abstract ideas. We would not
say, for example , This pills have made him all the slimmer.