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Propagation

Propagation Terms

Grafting: the technique of


connecting two pieces of living plant
tissue together so that they will
unite and form a functional plant.
Propagation
Terms

Budding: a special form of grafting in which


the scion consists of one or several buds. It
is a more economical form of grafting as more
scions can be produced from a single tree.
TYPES OF PLANT
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - Involves using
seed to propagate plants. Flowers are
important because they contain the
reproductive organs.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - Involves
reproducing plants by using vegetative
parts of the plant. Results in clones
(genetically like their parents).
METHODS OF ABOVE GROUND
PROPAGATION
LAYERING - Involves getting roots to grow
from the stems of plants
CUTTING - Involves using a short section
of plant stem for propagation.
BUDDING - Involves taking a bud from one
plant and moving it to another.
GRAFTING - Involves placing a section of
the stem of one plant onto another plant.
LAYERING

roots are formed on a stem


before it is removed from the
parent plant

the stem is cut below the new


root system and planted
Layering...
Layering...
““Layeringinvolves inducing roots
on an intact (or nearly so)
plant .”
Air
Air layering
layering -- interrupt
interrupt cambium
cambium andand cover
cover wound
wound with
with
moistened
moistened medium.
medium. Ficus
Ficus elastica,
elastica, Magnolia
Magnolia
Simple
Simple layering
layering -- low
low hanging
hanging branch
branch covered
covered with
with soil
soil (with
(with or
or
without
without wounding)
wounding) -- many
many shrubs
shrubs
Tip
Tip layering
layering -- tips
tips of
of plants
plants (brambles)
(brambles) at at certain
certain times
times ofof
year
year (rat-tail
(rat-tail condition)
condition) develop
develop roots
roots where
where they
they touch
touch the
the
soil
soil Blackberries,
Blackberries, raspberries
raspberries
Mound
Mound layering
layering -- soil
soil mounded
mounded to to cover
cover base
base of
of specially
specially
pruned
pruned young
young tree
tree (also
(also referred
referred to to as
as stool
stool layering)
layering) Apple
Apple
rootstocks
rootstocks
LAYERING
(Important Points)
similar to cuttings
advantages (water, nutrients, disease)
hard to root plants
accumulation of photosynthates and hormones
encourage by bending, girdling, or wounding
etiolation
shoot elongation in the absence of light
natural means of reproduction
strawberry runners, Bermuda grass stolons, hen and chic
offsets
PHYSIOLOGY
LAYERING WOODY PLANTS

remove a ring of bark


(removing phloem and cambium)

xylem remains intact


(water continues to move up the plant)

accumulation of
photosynthates and
hormones
LAYERING

Tip

Simple

Compound or
Serpentine
Air
Air Layering
Layering
Layering
AIR LAYERING
TYPES OF PLANT
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - Involves using
seed to propagate plants. Flowers are
important because they contain the
reproductive organs.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - Involves
reproducing plants by using vegetative
parts of the plant. Results in clones
(genetically like their parents).
LAYERING
continued

Mound / Stool
layer

Trench Layer
Specialized Structures

Modified Stems
bulb, corm, tuber, rhizome
pseudobulb, runner
Modified Roots
tuberous root
Propagation
Propagation by
by specialized
specialized
structures...
structures...
Species
Species Structure
Structure
tulip,
tulip, onion,
onion, Easter
Easter lily
lily bulb
bulb
potato,
potato, Jerusalem
Jerusalem artichoke
artichoke tuber
tuber
Iris
Iris,, lily-of-the
lily-of-the valley
valley rhizome
rhizome
Gladiolus
Gladiolus,, Crocus
Crocus corm
corm
strawberry, Ajuga
strawberry, Ajuga runner
runner
Dahlia
Dahlia,, sweet
sweet potato
potato tuberous
tuberous
root
root
Rooted Cuttings--problems

Major deterrent to using rooted


cuttings is dependency on age
Young tree root easily---but sometimes
impossible to root when older
A problem to breeder because when
tree is old enough to evaluate
characteristics but too old to root
Abnormal growth in older tree cuttings
Air Layers
Process of air layering is one in which
roots are generated on an intact
branch by girdling—usually
accompanied by hormone application
Air Layers

Similar process occurs naturally in some


species is called layering—roots formed on
branches that touch or become buried in
soil
Advantages of air layering

1. Produce propagules directly that are


needed to establish seed orchards—
avoid graft incompatibility
2. Intermediate method to obtain
roots for species in which rooted
cutting success is marginal—P.
caribaea
WHY GRAFTING OR BUDDING?
cannot be propagated by other means

decrease time to flower and fruit

change variety of existing, mature tree

special forms (dwarf trees, tree roses, weeping cherry, etc.)

obtain desirable traits of rootstock


(disease resistance, adaptation, etc.)

repair damage
Grafting

Segments of different plants are


connected and induced to grow
together as one plant.
Scion - Top section of a graft.
Rootstock - Bottom section of a graft.
Successful grafting depends on
good contact between the vascular
cambium of the scion and that of
the rootstock.
PHYSIOLOGY of GRAFTING

Scion

Root Stock

Cambium
GRAFTING TYPES
(Stock and Scion Same Sizes)

Whip or Tongue Graft

Saddle Graft

Splice Graft
GRAFTING
(Stock and Scion Different Sizes)

Wedge
graft

Cleft
graft

Side
graft
APPROACH GRAFTING
APPROACH GRAFTING
GRAFTING
(TO REPAIR DAMAGE)

Brace Graft

Bridge
Graft
Grafted ‘Hibotan’ Cactus

•Top is NOT a flower


•Top is a mutant form that
produces no chlorophyll but
much pink pigment
•Photosynthesis must occur
on green ‘stock’ plant
•Usually last 6 mos. or less
Grafting
A graft is a severed small branch
(scion) attached to a rooted tree
(rootstock or understock) in such a
way that the cambial layers are in
close contact and grow together.
REASONS FOR GRAFTING

To multiply a tree that cannot be


multiplied through sexual or other
asexual propagation methods.
To obtain a tree that combines both
the good characteristics of one tree
and the rootstock of another one.
To decrease the amount of time that a
tree needs to attain maturity
(flowering, seeding).
Multiplication

Many species of tropical trees cannot


easily be propagated from stem or root
cuttings.
Tree domestication programs, aiming at the
capturing of genetic superiority as
expressed in mature trees revert to
grafting as an intermediate step to
rejuvenate, or reinvigorate, the desired
material.
Reasons for using rootstock
If cultivar does not possess a necessary
below-ground characteristic --E.g. some
clones are especially resistant to drought,
saline conditions, or soil-borne pathogens.
--can be considered to provide rootstock for
other individuals that have desirable above-
ground characteristics, such as fruit quality.
Citrus--rootstock influence aboveground
fruit quality.
influence of the rootstock is the vigour of
the combined plant.
fruit species, dwarfing rootstocks are known
T BUDDING
Bud

Rootstock
TYPES OF BUDDING

T BUD INVERTED T BUD I BUD


A flat of T-budded
Japanese maples.
TYPES OF BUDDING
Continued

Chip Bud

Flute Bud
T-budding an Apple Tree

Photographic How-To
Inspecting a
rootstock shipment.
Newly-potted
rootstocks.
Clearing the lower
stem area.
The best procedure for
cutting shield buds.
Top and
bottom view of
a shield bud.
A shield bud inserted in the "T"
cut.
A T-bud graft wrapped
with
a grafting strip.
Grafted
Grafted and
and budded
budded
plants...
plants...
Species
Species Graft/bud
Graft/bud Type
Type
apples
apples chip,
chip, T-bud,
T-bud, cleft
cleft
conifers
conifers side
side veneer
veneer
pecans
pecans patch
patch
roses
roses T-bud
T-bud (shield)
(shield)
grapes
grapes modified
modified wedge
wedge
Grafted rootstocks in a
greenhouse.
This grafted scion
bud is
beginning to
expand.
Making a cut just above a
successful
T-bud graft.
 Spurs just beginning
                   
to grow in spring.
                         
The angle is where the scion
has united
with the rootstock.
Grafting
Grafting and
and budding...
budding...
“The
“The vascular
vascular cambium
cambium cancan regenerate
regenerate the
the
vascular
vascular connections
connections between
between the
the scion
scion and
and
rootstock
rootstock resulting
resulting in
in aa complete
complete plant
plant composed
composed
of
of more
more than
than one
one genotype.”
genotype.”

Can
Can graft
graft scion
scion cultivar
cultivar onto
onto size
size controlling
controlling
rootstock.
rootstock.
Many
Many difficult
difficult to
to root
root plants
plants are
are graft
graft compatible.
compatible.
Grafting
Grafting defined
defined byby season
season and
and type
type of
of tissue.
tissue.
budding
budding (T-budding,
(T-budding, inverted
inverted T,
T, patch)
patch)
wedge,
wedge, veneer,
veneer, whip
whip and
and tongue,
tongue, cleft,
cleft, etc.
etc.
Scion
Scion cultivar
cultivar may
may be
be changed
changed on
on mature
mature trees
trees (top
(top
working)
working)
BENEFITS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION
True traits of parents - Assures that
the new plant is identical to its
parents.
No seed - Some plants do not produce
seed: an example is seedless grapes.
EXAMPLES OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION USING
BELOW GROUND PARTS

Potatoes are cut into sections with


buds (eyes) and planted.
Bulbs or corms are planted; multiply
and new bulbs are pulled apart and
planted separately.
Tissue and Organ Culture

Tissue culture –newest and currently


most publicized of vegetative
propagation methods
Each plant cell has the potential to grow
into a new plant exactly like the parent.
In tissue culture, individual or small
groups of plant cells are manipulated so
they each produce a new plant. A tiny
piece of bud, leaf or stem can produce
incredible numbers of new plants in a
small space in a short time.
Advantages of tissue culture

The advantages of tissue culture, in


addition to speed and efficiency of
propagation, include production of
disease-free plants. New plants can
be made available to the public more
quickly because of tissue culture.
Somatic embryogenesis--conifer
Conifer somatic embryogenesis-- good example
of a potential biotechnology application to
conventional tree improvement
Immature embryos selected from seeds of
superior trees and put under appropriate culture
conditions can produce a mass of embryogenic
tissues from which several thousands of somatic
embryos can be obtained.
somatic embryogenesis allows production of
large no. of trees from a single seed and can
accelerate tree breeding cycles.
Disadvantage
of
tissue culture

Conditions for tissue culture are very exacting.


Absolutely sterile conditions must be maintained.
Temperature, light, humidity and atmosphere are
strictly controlled with electronic sensors and
computerized controls. Such costly equipment
rules this out for most home gardeners.
Disadvantage of Tissue Culture

Tissue culture –sometimes problems with


somaclonal variation—problem here is that
will not know until tree is all grown out in
the field condition
area of conifer tissue culture by
developing somatic embryogenesis
methods for micropropagating species
such as white spruce, Picea glauca
(Moench) Voss; black spruce,
P. mariana (Mill.) BSP; red spruce,
P. rubens Sarg.; tamarack, Larix
laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch; European
larch, L. decidua Mill.; and hybrid
larch, L. decidua Mill.   L. leptolepis
(Siebold & Zucc.) Gord.
Restricting the genetic base and
monoculture
Monoculture—cultivation of a single
crop or product without using land for
other purposes
Has advantages and dangers in
forestry
Tree breeder concerns—increase risk
resulting from reducing the genetic
base in forest plantations.
Variability from base population—
highly impt
Plantings from most seed orchards—
selections restricted to one per stand
have a broad gene base for
adaptability and not as restricted
genetically as collections from a few
indiv from a single stand
Is monoculture usual in nature?

Monoculturelike populations may be


prevalent in some species like P.
resinosa—very restricted gene base
Occur in some of sprouting species
such as aspens (Populus sp.)
Dangers of reduced genetic base

Two categories of problems due to


restricted genetic base
1) death or sever damage
2) reduction in growth and vigor

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