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Subsurface Methods
4233
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Formation Density Log Determination of Porosity
Porosity %
Ro
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FORMATION EVALUATION FROM WELL LOGS
Shaliness:
Determined from Gamma-ray log. Not reliably interpreted from SP
in impervious strata or in thin beds.
Establish 0%, 50%, and 100% shale lines on the GR log. SS
and LS intervals above the 50% cutoff are shaly. Rattiness of the GR
log to the left or right of the 50% line indicates thin beds of SS & LS
respectively. These beds are too thin for accurate log resolution but
Are still very real! Shaly sands and carbonates (>40%) are generally
worthless reservoirs despite their apparent porosity.
Sw = FRw
Rt
Sw = Ro
Rt
Gas seriously affect values on all porosity logs. If you have only one
log, say density porosity, you must decrease its value appropriately to
diminish this gas effect. This can be done by documenting the gas
effect in other wells having both density & neutron log suites. The cross
plot porosity in the later will indicate how many porosity units are
causing the gas effect and a ratio (usually ~.65 to .7) can be applied to
the well having only Density porosity.
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Personally, I would not want to use strictly neutron porosity because of its
sensitivities to both clay and formation gas.
Detecting a Depleted Gas Reservoir
When cross-plot porosity exceeds 10-12 porosity units,
pressure depletion can be presumed
GR & SP % Porosity
30 20 10 0 8-10
porosity
units
separation
= normal
pressured
reservoir
(gas effect)
14-16
porosity units
of separation
= pressure
depletion!
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Determination of Permeability (K)
1. From cores usually the best method but cores are few and far-
between!
Permeability measurements are expressed in millidarcys - md (one
thousandth of a darcy). It is affected by many formation attributes such as
pressure, rock texture, and fluid content. For convenience, It is measured in
the lab by passing inert gas such as helium or nitrogen through samples.
The resulting flow is converted to values relevant to common air (K A).
Because this data is often unrealistic, it is frequently converted into units
that more accurately relate to liquid permeability (pure water). Note that the
viscosity of water is similar to that of many oils. This liquid permeability is
then called Klinkenberg permeability or K K. KA is generally quite
inaccurate in tight reservoirs but closely approximates K K in reservoirs
having > a few hundred md.
2. Pressure decline testing (cannot do on a well-by-well basis or for
multiple reservoirs) conveniently.
3. Porosity vs. Permeability Plot. Very good see examples
provided. Need to get only one or two cores in the nearby area
having reliable density-neutron log suites. You can then input any
porosity value into the plot to get a good value of permeability.
4. Interpreted quantitatively from micrologs, conventional resistivity
logs (noting separation between the shallow and deep
measurements), and from the caliper log (which measures
mudcake buildup that is a function of permeability).
5. From porosity and Swi (irreducible water saturation) This method is
not easy to complete accurately using standard log suites. Swi is
very, very sensitive to porosity, reservoir texture, oil viscosity, and
just having a bad day in the office! I personally have not used it
successfully and do not recommend its use.
6. From SP logs. A very good qualitative method of estimating
reservoir permeability. Limitations include bed thickness,
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content, and resistive bounding strata.
Porosity vs. Permeability Plots from core. This is perhaps the
best way to determine permeability in the same formation in
nearby wells having a reliable porosity suite
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Common
normal
subsurface
pressure
gradient
Over-
pressured