Introduction

Basic multiple access techniques

Evolution of MC-CDMA
Technologies in MC-CDMA
Applications of MC-CDMA
Advantages and problems of MC-CDMA
Key challenges and issues of MC-CDMA
 INTRODUCTION

Code-division multiple access (CDMA)

schemes have been considered as
attractive multiple access schemes in both
second-generation (2G) and third-
generation (3G) wireless systems

The evolution from 2G to 3G corresponds

to adapting a new air interface i.e. change
of focus from voice to multimedia.

MC-CDMA scheme has become a

promising access technique for 4G air
 Basic multiple access techniques

FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
OFDM
 FDMA

In frequency division multiple access, the

available bandwidth is subdivided into a number
of narrower band channels.
FDMA is used as the primary breakup of large
allocated frequency bands and is used as part of
most multichannel systems.
 TDMA

TDMA divides the available spectrum into

multiple time slots, by giving each user a
time slot in which they can transmit or
receive.

TDMA is generally used in conjunction with

FDMA to subdivide the total available
bandwidth into several channels
 CDMA

CDMA is a spread spectrum technique that uses

neither frequency channels not time slots.

CDMA is a multiplexing technique where a

number of users simultaneously and
asynchronously access a channel by modulating
and spread their information-bearing signals with
pre-assigned signature sequences called pseudo
random noise codes (PN codes).
The above slide shows a simplified
transmitter structure of DS-CDMA
for one user support. DS-CDMA
uses orthogonal code for
spreading and channelization.
Pseudo random noise codes (PN

codes) are used to detect the each

multi path signal and to pick up
the signal from the certain base
station
 OFDM
OFDM is a multicarrier transmission
technique, which divides the available
spectrum into many carriers, each one being
modulated be a low rate data stream.
It has gained popularity because of its
capability to transmit high data rate.

OFDM is similar to FDMA in that the multiple

user access is achieved by subdividing the
available bandwidth into multiple channels
that are then allocated to users.
In OFDM, a block of data is converted
into a parallel form and mapped into
each subcarrier. Thus, they become
the frequency domain symbols.
To get the time domain signal again,

inverse discrete Fourier transform or

its fast version, IFFT, is applied.
Each subcarrier is orthogonal to each

other while the frequency

EVOLUTION
 1xRTT
First version of CDMA2000 provides
data rates of 307 Kbps (downlink) and
153 Kbps (uplink)
1xEV (1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV)
This provides higher speeds
implemented in two phases.
Phase1 increases the downlink peak
data rate to 2.4 Mbps.
Revision A supports IP packets,
increases the downlink to 3.1 Mbps and
boosts uplink dramatically to 1.2 Mbps.
 Phase2 is Evolution-Data Voice (1xEV-
DV), which integrates voice and data on
the same carrier with rates up to 4.8
Mbps.

3x
CDMA2000 3x uses three 1.25 MHz
CDMA channels. It is part of the
CDMA2000 specification for countries
that require 5 MHz of spectrum for 3G
use. CDMA2000 3X is also known as
"3XRTT," "MC-3X," and "IMT-CDMA
MC-CDMA is a form of direct sequence CDMA,
but after spreading a Fourier Transform (FFT) is
performed.
MC-CDMA is a form of orthogonal frequency

division multiplexing(OFDM) but we first apply

an orthogonal matrix operation to the user bits,
therefore
MC-CDMA is sometimes also called CDMA-

OFDM.
MC-CDMA is a form of frequency diversity. Each

bit is transmitted simultaneously on many

different subcarriers.
MC-CDMA applies spreading sequences in
frequency domain. The original information
becomes spreaded in frequency domain
directly.

After
this spreading, the highly successful
OFDM transmitter structure is borrowed.
DS-CDMA is a method to share
spectrum among multiple
simultaneous users. DS-CDMA with a
spread factor N can accommodate N
simultaneous users only if highly
complex interference techniques are
used.
MC-CDMA can handle N
simultaneous users with good BER
using standard receiver techniques.
Toavoid excessive bit errors on
subcarriers that are in a deep fade,
OFDM typically applies coding.

MC-CDMA replaces this encoder by

an NxN matrix operation and
results reveal an improved BER.
Technologies in MC-CDMA and
Applications

MC-CDMA is mainly used in multimedia

services in 3G/4G networks(BCMCS).

BCMCS provide point-to-multipoint

transmission of multimedia data.
 Architecture design for BCMCS

Content Provider
Content Server
Packet data serving node
BCMCS Controller
 Broadcast Packet Data Air Interface

The air interface of the high rate

broadcast packet data system has a
group of protocols called as the
broadcast protocol suite.

Broadcast Framing protocol

Broadcast security protocol
Broadcast MAC protocol
Broadcast physical layer protocol
Broadcast control protocol
MC-CDMA is a suitable modulation
technique in the indoor environment.

Multipleaccess is achieved with different

users transmitting at same set of
subcarriers but with spreading codes that
are orthogonal to the codes of others.
MC-CDMA transmission with a low
complexity iterative receiver is proposed for
the PLC (power line communication)
channel.
A significant performance gain is observed

for a realistic powerline channel and high

power impulsive noise.
 ADVANTAGES OF MC-CDMA

Easier implementation for high data rate services than

DS-CDMA by the increased signaling interval

Suitable for indoor wireless environment: small delay

spread and small Doppler spread

Fading resistance using frequency diversity

Possibility of quasi-synchronous operation in reverse

link

DS-CDMA has energy loss due to the limited number of

rake receivers while MC-CDMA gathers nearly all energy
scattered in subcarriers
 PROBLEMS IN MC-CDMA

High Peak-to-Mean Envelope Power Ratio(PMEPR)

Nonlinear amplification - spurious power
Power inefficient

Sensitive to carrier frequency offset : Difficult to deploy for high

Sensitive to phase noise

Low frequency reuse factor than DS-CDMA