Design of Oil and Natural Gas

Pipelines
Hydraulic design
 Hydraulic design
The hydraulic design includes some steps
must be done to find the best design
&these steps are:

Pipeline route selection

Design bases
Hydraulic design
 Factors that affect fluid flow
Fluid flow in pipes is affected by many different factors:
Changes in the fluid temperature will change the viscosity & density of the fluid.
The viscosity, density, and velocity of the fluid.
The position of the supply and discharge containers relative to the pump position.
The length, inner diameter, and in the case of turbulent flow, the internal roughness of
the pipe.
The addition of rises & falls within the pipe layout
The number & types of bends in the pipe layout
The number & types of valves, & other fittings, in the pipe layout.
Entrance & exit conditions of the pipe.
 Hydraulic design
The total pressure drop in a pipeline system comprises three
components:

1. static pressure drop due to changes in elevation

2.acceleration pressure drop due to changes in pipe geometry
or phase

3. friction pressure drop due to flow rate ,fluid properties ,and

pipe characteristic
 Continuity equation
Q A V 1
By this equation we get arrange of diameter where v is the range of
economical velocity 1to 3 m/sec
Reynolds's numbers (Re) describe the relationship between a fluids
velocity, the pipe size and the fluids kinematics viscosity.

DV
RE 2

 Effect of the inner roughness of
the pipe
The inner roughness of the pipe can create eddy currents. This
increases the friction between the pipe wall and the fluid. The
relative roughness of the inside of the pipe is used in
.determining the friction factor to be used

3
d
Relative roughness

When all of the above information is known, the following steps

must be
Carried out to determine the fluid head necessary to overcome the
flow of the fluid through the pipe work layout
Calculate the Reynolds number
Determine if the flow is Laminar or Turbulent
Calculate the friction factor for either Laminar flow or
Turbulent flow
Calculate the fluid head resistance to overcome the flow
through the pipe work
 f LV 2
H L 4
2 gD

p p1 p 2 Z 2 Z 1 H L 1 2 w

where
z = height above reference level
v = average velocity of fluid
P = pressure of fluid
W= specific weight
HL12 = head loss due to fluid friction
.The velocity across the pipe is constant because the area is constant
P= Operating Pressure
Test pressure = operating pressure* factor of safety
We always take the factor of safety about 1.5
We select the suitable grade from the API 5l & calculate the test
pressure to choose the suitable thickness & inner diameter to stand
this test pressure the api5l

This equation, called the Barlow formula, is the basis for most code
stress pipe wall-Thickness calculations such as those provided in ASME
B31.1 and B31.3.The formula also applies to thick-walled pipe

t
p i 2S A 6
DO

Where SA is the allowable stress

Pi maximum allowable operating pressure
We select the suitable grade from the API 5l & calculate the test
pressure to choose the suitable thickness & inner diameter to stand this
test pressure the api5l
 Then we calculate the head losses by this diameter, MAOH & HT
Where HT= HST+ H L

HT
=NO Of Pumps 7
M A OH

These steps will be repeated for each diameter from the range of
diameter in order to make it easier we use program by visual basic to
solve this problem and get more accurate
 Computer program
The program in this case will make the
hydraulic design for any pipeline but some
information must be given

the properties of the crude oil

The length of the pipeline
Which grade of steel will we use
The input and output for case study
(1)
The hydraulic gradient