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Cluster 3 1
The Human Body – An Orientation
Gross Anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Figure 1.1
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.2a
3
Anatomy – Levels of Study
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.2b
4
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
RIGHT RIGHT
LOWER LOWER
QUADRANT QUADRANT
RIGHT LEFT
UMBILICAL
LUMBAR LUMBAR
• Integumentary
• Forms the external
body covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Figure/1.2a
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide161.4
Organ System Overview
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Figure/1.2b
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide171.5
Organ System Overview
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure/1.2c
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide181.6
Organ System Overview
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands Figure 1.2d
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide191.7
Organ System Overview
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide201.8
Organ System Overview
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Figure 1.2f
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide211.9
Organ System Overview
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 22
1.10
Organ System Overview
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 23
1.11
Organ System Overview
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 24
1.12
Organ System Overview
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 25
1.13
Organ System Overview
• Reproductive
• Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 26
1.14
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
• Water
• Most abundant inorganic compounds
• Vital properties
• High heat capacity
• Polarity/solvent properties
• Chemical reactivity
• Cushioning
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 29
2.22
Important Inorganic Compounds
• Salts
• Easily dissociate into ions in the
presence of water
• Vital to many body functions
• Include electrolytes which conduct
electrical currents
• Acids
• Can release detectable hydrogen ions
• Bases
• Proton acceptors
• Neutralization reaction
• Acids and bases react to form water and a
salt
• Lipids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
• Insoluble in water
• Proteins
• Made of amino acids
• Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Figure 2.16
• Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
• Organized by
complimentary bases
to form double helix
• Replicates before
cell division
• Provides instruction
for every protein in
the body Figure 2.17c
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 39
2.36
Important Organic Compounds
Figure 3.1a
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide433.2
The Nucleus
Control center
of the cell
Contains genetic
material (DNA)
Three regions
Nuclear
membrane
Nucleolus
Chromatin Figure 3.1b
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide443.3
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 45
3.10
Cellular Physiology:
Membrane Transport
Types of diffusion
Simple diffusion
Unassisted process
Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or
small enough to pass through membrane
pores
Facilitated
Substances require a protein carrier for
passive transport Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 -
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.24a
50
Diffusion through the Plasma
Membrane
Figure 3.9
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 51
3.25
Passive Transport Processes
Filtration
Water and solutes are forced through a
membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
A pressure gradient must exist
Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a
high pressure area to a lower pressure
area
Solute pumping
Amino acids, some sugars & ions
ATP energizes protein carriers,
Bulk transport
Exocytosis
Moves materials out of the cell
Material is carried in a membranous vesicle
Bulk transport
Endocytosis
Extracellular substances are engulfed by
being enclosed in a membranous
vescicle
Types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinking
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.30a
58
Cell Life Cycle
Cells have two major periods
Interphase
Cell grows
Cell carries on metabolic processes
Cell division
Cell replicates itself
Function is to produce more cells for
growth and repair processes
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 59
3.31
Events of Cell Division
Mitosis
Division of the nucleus
Results in the formation of two daughter
nuclei
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
Begins when mitosis is near completion
Results in the formation of two daughter
cells
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 60
3.33
Stages of Mitosis
Interphase
No cell division occurs
The cell carries out normal metabolic
activity and growth
Prophase
First part of cell division
Centromeres migrate to the poles
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 3.34a
61
Stages of Mitosis
Metaphase
Spindle from centromeres are attached to
chromosomes that are aligned in the center
of the cell
Anaphase
Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward
the poles
The cell begins to elongate
Telophase
Daughter nuclei begin forming
A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins
to form
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Cluster 3as Benjamin Cummings Slide 63
3.35
Stages of Mitosis
Figure 3.14; 1
Figure 3.14; 2
2 – Melanocytes
3 – Langerhans
4 - Merckel
found in the
dermis and basal
layer of the
epidermis
produce melanin
protect from UV
Merckel cells
found in the basal layer and functions as
mechanoreceptors.
secrete odor-producing
discharges called
“pheromones”
functional at puberty
Thermoreceptor
for WARM
temperature
Thermoreceptor
for COLD
temperature
Based on histology
1. Compact
2. Spongy
2. MUSCLE OF MASTICATION
- buccinator
-masseter
-temporalis
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Cluster 3 108
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE
3. NECK MUSCLE
-platysma: downward sag of mouth
-sternocleidomastoid: rotates head, prayer muscle,
head flexion (if both contracts)
7. FOREARM MUSCLE
- anterior compartment: flexors and pronators of wrist
and hands
- posterior compartment: extensors and suppinators
of wrist and hands
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Cluster 3 111
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE
8. HIP MUSCLES
-gluteus maximus: hip extensor
-gluteus medius: hip adbuctor
-iliopsas: hip flexor
- adductor muscle: hip adductor
9. FEMORAL MUSCLE
-Quadriceps (knee extensors): rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
- hamstring (knee flexors): biceps femoris,
semimembranosus, semitendinosus
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Cluster 3 112
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE
10. MUSCLE OF LOWER LEG
- tibialis anetrior: dorsiflexion, inversion
-fibularis: plantar flexion, eversion
- gastrocnemius: “toe dancer” muscle, plantar flexion
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Temporal
malleus or hammer –
articulates with
eardrum
stapes or stirrup –
articulates with oval
window
Surface anatomy:
Linea alba- fr xiphoid to pubis
Linea semilunaris- bilateral, lat to rectus abdominis
Inguinal groove
bone”
ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine,
important landmark
PSIS – lies deep to a dimple
ischial tuberosity – part we sit on
symphysis pubis – fibroelastic connection
between two pubic bones
acetabulum – depression for the head of
the femur
greater sciatic notch – opening for sciatic
nerve
lesser sciatic notch
obturator foramen – for obturator nerve
linea terminalis, or pelvic brim – separates
“false pelvis” above from “true pelvis”
below
Consists of 30
bones:
Humerus – upper
arm
Ulna - forearm
Radius - forearm
Carpal bones - wrist
Metacarpals - palm
Phalanges - fingers
Function: to propel
food to the stomach
1. Bicarbonate- to neutralize
the acidic chyme from the
stomach- stimulated by
secretin
2. Pancreatic amylase- for
carbohydrate digestion
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Pancreatic secretions
Gallbladder
Pear-shaped organ on the right
upper quadrant below the liver
Parts: fundus, body and neck
store & concentrate bile
Mixing waves
Peristaltic
movements
Podocytes
Epididymis
Bulbourethral gland
Average pH = 7.5
Ave. amt.= 2.5 -5 ml. It can live with in the female genital
tract for about 24 to 72 hours.
(60-200 million/ml of ejaculation ave. of 400 million/
ejaculation )
90 seconds- cervix
5 minutes.- end of fallopian tube
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Parts of the Female
Reproductive System
EXTERNAL (vulva) INTERNAL
1. Mons pubis
1. Ovary
2. Labia majora
2. Fallopian tubes
3. Labia majora
4. Clitoris 3. Uterus
5. Hymen 4. Vaginal canal
6. Vestibule
7. Pudendal cleft
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Cluster 3 254
The Internal Organs
OVARY
Firm almond shaped
organ covered by the
peritoneum
Two parts:
CORTEX- follicles are
found
Medulla- connective
tissue
Consists of 3 phases
1. Menstrual phase
2. Proliferative phase
3. Secretory phase
1. Menstrual phase
Decreased Estrogen, decreased
progesterone, decreased FSH and
decreased LH
2. Proliferative/ Pre-ovulatory phase
Increased FSH and Estrogen in small
amounts
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Cluster 3 286
Hormonal Cycle
3. Ovulatory phase
Increased FSH, Increased LH (surge)
Increased Estrogen
4. Post ovulatory/luteal Phase
Increased Estrogen, increased
progesterone, decreased FSH and LH