Week 9 & 10

RADIATION
 THERMAL RADIATION

Electromagnetic radiation emmited by a body due to large

temperature difference
transmitted through space & vacuum
medium not heated

Mechanism of radiant heat transfer:

1. Thermal energy of a hot source at T1 is converted into energy of

electromagnetic radiation waves
2. Waves travel through intervening space in a straight lines & strike a
cool object at T2
3. Electromagnetic waves are absorbed by the body and converted to
thermal energy

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 ABSORPTIVITY & BLACK BODIES

= reflectivity = fraction of irradiation

reflected
= adsorptivity = fraction absorbed

= transmissivity = fraction transmitted

+ + =1
Opaque body no transmission ( = 0)
+ =1
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 ABSORPTIVITY & BLACK BODIES
Black body
perfect absorber of radiation ( = 1)
perfect emitter of radiation,EB = T4 where = stefan-Boltzmann
constant
E total emissive power of a surface
Emissivity, = E
B total emissive power of a black body

Emissivity represent emission characteristics of a body

Black body ( = 1)
Gray body 1
Radiation from a black body ( = 1) : q = AT4
Gray body ( 1) q = A T4

where = stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.676 x 10 -8 W/m2.K4

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 THERMAL RADIATION

Kirchhoffs law at the same temperature T1,

1 = 1

holds for any black or nonblack solid surface

surface temperature (T1) = temperature of the source of irradiation (T1)

, like = low for polished metal surfaces

, like = high for oxidized metal surfaces

The relation = together with = 1 - allows the determination of all

three properties of an opaque body
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 THERMAL RADIATION
Surfaces emit radiation as well as reflecting it
Radiosity,J total radiation energy leaving a surface per unit time per unit area

Gray & opaque surface i ( i = i & i + i

=1): Ji = iEBi + iGi = iEBi +(1- i)Gi (W/m2)

Blackbody ( i=1): Ji = EBi = T14

radiosity of a blackbody = emissive power of a blackbody

A blackbody does not reflect any radiation. Any radiation coming from a
blackbody is due to emission only.
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 RADIATION TO A SMALL OBJECT
FROM SURROUNDING
Net radiation from object 1:
1: STONE
q = A1 1T14 - A2 2T24 2: WALL
= A1 1T14 - A1 12T24
= A1( 1T14 - 12T24 ) [Simplified to A1]
= A1 (T14 - T24 ) [Simplified to A1]
STONE
A1 1T14
q = A1 (T14 T24)
A1 12T24
For engineering purpose
12 =
= Stone at T2
NOT = Wall at T2
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 RADIATION TO A SMALL OBJECT
FROM SURROUNDING
Small gray object at T1 in a large enclosure at T2 :

A1 1T14

A1 12T24

Net radiation from object 1:

q = A1 1T14 - A1 12T24 = A1( 1T14 - 12T24 )

For engineering purpose q = A1 (T14 T24)

where = 1 at T2
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 COMBINED RADIATION &
CONVECTION
Total heat transfer
q = qconv.+ q rad.

where
qconv. = hconv.A1(T1-T2)
q rad. = hrA1(T1-T2)

T 4 T 4
5.676 1 2

100 100

hr
T1 T2
4 T 4
T
0.1714 1 2


100 100

hr
T1 T2
when = 1
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 Example 4.10-1 Radiation to a Metal Tube
A small oxidized horizontal metal tube with an OD of 0.0254
m, 0.61 m long, and with a surface temperature at 588K
is in a very large furnace enclosure with fire-brick walls
and the surrounding air at 1088K. The emissivity of the
metal tube is 0.60 at 1088K and 0.46 at 588K. Calculate
the heat transfer to the tube by radiation using SI unit.

Solution:
A1= (0.0254)(0.61)m2
q =A1 (T14-T24)= (0.0254)(0.61) (0.6) (5.676x10-8) (5884-108824)
= -2130 W
 VIEW FACTORS INFINITE PARALLEL
GRAY PLANES

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 VIEW FACTORS
View factor F12 fraction of the radiation leaving surface 1 that
is intercepted/reaching by surface 2
Infinite parallel black planes:
1 2

q12

A1= A2 = A
q12 = A1F12(T14 - T24)
Net radiation from plane 2 to plane 1:
q21 = A1F21 (T14 T24)
for infinite parallel planes, F12 = F21 = 1
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 VIEW FACTORS

Infinite parallel gray planes:

1 2

q12

A1= A2 = A

Net radiation from plane 1 to plane 2:

1
q12 = A1(T14 - T24) 1 1 1
1 2

for infinite parallel planes, F12 = F21 = 1

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
 RADIATION SHIELDS

Radiation shields planes with low (high ) used to reduce the net
radiation transfer between two surfaces
Without shield: (A1= A2 = A , F12 = F21 = 1)

q12 = (T14 T24) 1 A(T14 - T24)

1- 1 1 1- 2 1- 1- 2
1 1
1A1 A1F12 2A 2 F
1 12 2

q12 = A(T 1 T2 ) = A(T14 T

4 4
2 )
4
If 1 = 2 = 1- 1 1- 1-
2 1

q12 = A(T14 T24)
2
1


FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 RADIATION SHIELD

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 RADIATION SHIELDS

With 1 shield: (A1= A2 = A , F12 = F21 = 1)

q12 = (T14 T24)
1 - 1 1 - 31 1 - 32 1- 2
1 1
1 A1 A1F13 31A 3 32 A 3 A 3F32 2 A 2
4 4

A T1 - T2

q12
1 - 1 1 - 31 1 - 32 1 - 2
1 31 32 2 2

q12= A(T14 T24)

If 1 = 2 = 31= 31 = 2
11 1

For N shields (all emissivities are equal) q12 = A(T14 T24)

2

N 1 1

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Example 4.11-1
 VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS
View factor F12 fraction of the radiation leaving surface 1 that
is intercepted/reaching by surface 2
1 cos1 cos2 dA1 dA 2
F
General equation: 12 A1 A A r 2
2 1

Reciprocity relation : A1F12= A2 F21

Surface 1 cannot see itself (flat or convex):

F11 = 0

Surface 1 can only see surface 2 :

F12 = 1

Summation rule : F12 = F11 + F12 = 1

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 VIEW FACTOR RELATIONS
Superposition rule :

Symmetry rule :

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 VIEW FACTOR FOR ADJACENT
PERPENDICULAR RECTANGLES

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 VIEW FACTOR BETWEEN PARALLEL PLANES
DIRECTLY OPPOSED

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 RERADIATING SURFACES
Surface that is well insulated on one side and the convection effects may
be neglected on the opposite (radiating) side.
Surface must lose as much radiation energy as it gains (reradiate all the
radiation enegy it receives)
Net heat transfer through it is zero

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 RERADIATING SURFACES
Parallel black q12 = F12A12(T14 - T24)
planes: A 2 A1F122 1 (A 1 /A 2 )F122
F 12
A1 A 2 2A1F12 A /A 1 2(A /A )F
1 2 1 2 12
A1 F12= A2 F21

No reradiating wall: F12 = F12

F12 for parallel planes:

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 RERADIATING SURFACES

Parallel gray planes:

q12 = F 12A12(T14 - T24)

F 1

12
1 A 1 1 1

1 1
F 12 A 2 2 1

A1F 12= A2F21

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

 SUMMARY
4.10B Radiation to a small object from
surroundings Eq. 4.10-6 SUMMARY
4.10C Combined Radiation & Convection
(hr + hc) Eq. 4.10-9 & 4.10-10, Fig 4.10-
2
4.11B View Factor F12
Eq.4.11-14 & 4.11-15 (For black planes)
Eq.4.11-22 (For gray planes)
Fig 4.11-7 & Fig 4.11-8
4.11C View Factor when surfaces connected by
reradiating walls
 Tutorial
4.7-3
4.7-8
4.9-3
4.9-4
4.11-7
4.11-8
4.11-9
Submit: 15 April