Outline

Circuit vs. packet switching

Layered tasks
Internet protocol suites
ISO's OSI model

1
 End-to-End Communication
Direct communication
Most basic form of communication
TX TX
RX RX
GND GND Serial Port

Internet communication
Communication is performed over the Internet

Internet

2
Internet Comm. - App's
Viewpoint
Two network applications should
interact as if they were directly
connected
write read
App App
A B
Internet

But what's going on underneath?

What is inside the "cloud"?

3
Circuit vs. Packet Switching
Dedicated circuits
Circuit switching
Telephone switches
establish circuits
for communication
Packet switching
Data are put into
packets telephone
switch
Each stamped with
source and destination
addresses
Routers know where to
forward packets
Packet Router

5
Layered Tasks
Computer networks are complex
systems
Tasks involve varieties of hardware and
software components, and protocols

Networking task is divided into

several subtasks, or layers

6
Real World Example
Communication between managers
of two companies

Communicate

7
 What Actually Happens
Communication takes place thru many
layers Logical communication

Secretary:
Secretary: reads and reports
types a letter the message

Delivery boy: Delivery boy:

drops the letter takes the letter

Postal truck

Post office:
Processes and routes the letter

8
Internet Layer Model
The Internet Protocol Stack
User
Application Layer Software

Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer Hardware

Transmission
Medium
11
 Application Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for providing
providing services
services to
to the
the user
user
The only layer to interact with user

Data Data
Logical communication

Application SMTP HTTP FTP SMTP HTTP FTP

Layer
Data H5 Data H5

to Transport from Transport

12
Transport Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for delivery
delivery of
of aa message
message
from
from one
one process
process to
to another
another
Duties/services
Port addressing
Segmentation and reassembly
Connection control
Flow control (end-to-end)
Error control (end-to-end)

13
 Transport Layer
Process Process Process Process

PORT # PORT #

Data Data

Transport Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4 Data1 H4 Data2 H4 Data3 H4

Layer (segments)

to Network from Network

14
Network Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for the
the delivery
delivery ofof packets
packets
from
from the
the original
original source
source toto the
the destination
destination
Duties/services
Logical addressing
Routing

15
 Network Layer
from Transport to Transport

Data Data

Network Data H3 Data H3

Layer (packet)

to Data Link from Data Link

16
Network Layer
Data 1.1 5.7

1.1 1.2
1.1,
1.1,1.2,
1.2,6.1, 5.7, ...
6.1,5.7, ...are
arelogical
logicaladdresses
addresses
Network 1

R1
6.1
Network 6

6.6 6.3
R3
R2 5.2
Router
3.3
Network 5
5.7
Network 3
3.8

17
Data Link Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for transmitting
transmitting frames
frames
from
from one
one node
node toto the
thenext
next

Duties/services
Framing
Physical addressing
Flow control (hop-to-hop)
Error control (hop-to-hop)
Access control

18
 Data Link Layer
from Network to Network

Data Data

Data Link T2 Data H2 T2 Data H2

Layer (frame)

to Physical from Physical

19
Data Link Layer
A3,
A3,3B,
3B,82, 9F,...
82,9F, ...are
arephysical
physicaladdresses
addresses

Data
9F 3B 82 A3

T2 Data 9F A3
H2

20
 Data Link Layer
Data 1.15.7

1.1 1.2
97 32 Network 1
Data 1.15.7 97 25 25
R1
6.1
79 Data 1.15.7 79 62 Network 6

6.6 6.3 62
12
R3
R2 5.2
54
88
3.3
Data 1.15.7 54 74
Network 5
5.7
Network 3 74
3.8

21
Physical Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for transmitting
transmitting individual
individual bits
bits
from
from one
one node
node to
to the
thenext
next
Duties/services
Physical characteristics of
interfaces and media
Representation of bits
Data rate (transmission rate)
Synchronization of bits

22
 Physical Layer
from Data Link to Data Link

Data Data

Physical 01001011 01001011

Layer (bits)

Transmission medium

23
 The Big Picture

L5 data H5 5 5 L5 data H5

L4 data H4 4 4 L4 data H4

L3 data H3 3 3 L3 data H3

T2 L2 data H2 2 2 T2 L2 data H2

0111011010101001010101001 1 1 0111010101010010101010101

Transmission medium

24
Internet Model

sender router
router receiver

Applicati Applicati
on on
Transport Transport
Network Network
Network Network
D.L D.L D.L D.L
Data Link . . . . Data Link
Physical P.L. P.L. P.L. P.L. Physical

Transmission medium
25
Internet Model

26
Protocol Suites
A set of protocols must be
constructed
to ensure that the resulting
communication system is complete and
efficient
Each protocol should handle a part of
communication not handled by other
protocols
How can we guarantee that protocols
work well together?
Instead of creating each protocol27 in 27
Internet Protocol Suite

Layer Protocols
Application HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, ...
Transport TCP, UDP, SCTP, ...
Network IP (IPv4), IPv6, ICMP,
IGMP, ...
Data Link Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP, ...
Physical RS-232, DSL, 10Base-T, ...

28
OSI Model
User
7.Application Layer
6.Presentation OSI Open Systems
Layer Interconnection
5.Session Layer Developed by the International
Standards Organizations (ISO)
4.Transport Layer
3.Network Layer
2.Data Link Layer
Two additional layers
1.Physical Layer Presentation layer
Transmission Session layer
Medium

29
Session Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for establishing,
establishing, managing
managing and
and
terminating
terminating connections
connections between
between applications
applications
Duties/services
Interaction management
Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex
Session recovery

30
Presentation Layer
Responsible
Responsible for
for handling
handling differences
differences in
in
data
data representation
representationto
to applications
applications
Duties/services
Data translation
Encryption
Decryption
Compression

31
Questions ?

33