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Shear force, V
Shear force lies in the plane of the area.
Developed when the external loads tend to
cause the two segments of the body to slide.
Type of forces
Torque or torsional moment, T
- Developed when the external loads tend to
twist one segments of the body with respect
to the other.
Bending moment, M
- Cause by the external loads that tend to
bend the body about an axis within the
plane of the area.
Stresses
Stress is the internal force exerted by one part of
an elastic body upon the adjoining part.
or
Type of stress
Type of stress
Normal stress or uniaxial stress, - stress is
evenly distributed over the entire cross-section.
Normal stress includes tensile and compressive
stress F
A
Shear stress, results when a force tends to
make part
of the body or one side of a plane slide past the
other. F
A
Type of stress: Shear Stress
F F
2A A
Type of stress: Bearing
Stress
Bearing stress, Bearing stress is a type of
normal stress but it involves the interaction of two
surfaces. The bearing stress is the pressure
experience by the second surface due to the action
from the first surface. Example: the pressure
between bolt and plate at a joint.
F F
A tD
Example 1
Example 2
Example 2: Solution
Example 3
Example 3: Solution
Quiz 1 : Shear Stress
Quiz 1: Solution
Strain
Measure of deformation representing the
displacement between particles in the body
relative to a reference length.
Ratio of change in length due to deformation to
the original length.
It is dimensionless quantity.
Numerical values of strain are usually very small,
especially for structural materials, which ordinarily
undergo only small changes in dimensions.
Types of Strain
Normal strain - Normal strain () is the
deformation of a body which involved
elongation or contraction.
When a bar of length L and cross-sectional area
A is subjected to axial tensile force P through
the cross-section's centroid, the bar elongates.
The change in length divided by the initial
length is the bar's engineering strain. The
symbol for strain is (epsilon). The strain in an
axially loaded bar is:
L
Types of Strain
Shear strain - Shear strain is a strain
which involved a shear deformation i.e.
body twist due to torsion and a distorted
cuboid as shown in Figure 1.8. Strain
changes the angles of an object and shear
causes lines to rotate.
aa'
L
Stress & Strain
relationships
Temperature stress
An object will expand when heated and contract
when the temperature drops.
Since this is the effect of temperature on the
member then the corresponding stress and
strain are called temperature stress and
temperature strain.
The variation of the length due to temperature
change depends upon its coefficient of linear
expansion or contraction where is the
change in length for a unit change of
temperature per unit original length.
Example 7: Tutorial
Example 7 : Solution
Assignment 1: Individu
Plane Stress and Mohr Circle
Stress Analysis Using Equation and Mohr
Diagram Method
Rotation angle,
Clockwise ve
Counterclockwise
+ve
Principal stresses occur on the principal planes of stress with
zero shear
stress
2
x y x y 2 20 90 20 90
2
2
max,min xy 60
2 2 2 2
x y x y
x' cos 2 xy sin 2
2 2
20 90 20 90
x' cos 2(23.7 0 ) 60 sin 2(23.7 0 )
2 2
x ' 46.4 MPa
Example 10
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is
represented on the element as shown in Fig.
Represent this stress state in terms of maximum in-
plane shear stress and associated average normal
stress
2
x y 2 20 90
2
max xy (60) 2 81.4 MPa
2 2
The shear stress corresponding to s2 = 21.30 can be
determined by x y
xy ' sin 2 xy cos 2
2
xy '
20 90
2
sin 2( 21.30 ) 60 cos 2( 21.30 ) 81.4 MPa
Mohr Circle: Two manners
Example 11
C
=
4.23 MPa
6.4 MPa