Cellular Respiration

Chemical Energy and Food

Food is the energy source for cells. The energy in
food is measured in calories.
A calorie is the amount of energy needed to
raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1
degree Celsius. There are 3811 calories in one
gram of sugar glucose.
The cell doesnt burn glucose directly but
converts into an energy source, ATP, through a
process that begins with the pathway called
glycolysis.
 Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of
glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules
of pyruvic acid, a three carbon compound.
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell.
In the process of breaking glucose in half two
molecules of ATP are needed but four molecules of
ATP are produced creating a net gain of two
molecules of ATP
4 high energy electrons are also removed and
added to NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide) creating NADH, which helps pass
energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell.
 Glycolysis

Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid

To the
electron
transport
chain
 Chemical Pathways After Glycolysis

Glucose

Glycolysis Krebs Electron

cycle transport

Fermentation Alcohol
(without or lactic
oxygen) acid
 Fermentation
When oxygen is not present, fermentation follows
glycolysis
Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by
producing ATP in the absence of oxygen, this is an anaerobic
process.
There are two main types of fermentation:
1) Alcoholic fermentation
2) Lactic acid fermentation
) Alcoholic fermentation example is yeast which causes
carbon dioxide to form and make bread rise.
) pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation:
Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
Lactic acid is produced in your muscles during
rapid exercise when the body cannot supply
enough oxygen to the tissues.
FEEL THE BURN is actually the result of a
build up of lactic acid in the muscles and can
become painful and lead to cramps.
 Lactic Acid Fermentation

Glucose Lactic acid

Pyruvic acid
 Overview of Cellular Respiration
If oxygen is present, The Krebs Cycle and electron
transport chain follow glycolysis
Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the electron
transport chain make up the process called cellular
respiration.
Cellular respiration is the process that releases
energy by breaking down glucose and other food
molecules in the presence of oxygen (an aerobic
process).
Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation
 Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Electrons carried in NADH

Electrons
Pyruvic
carried in
acid
NADH and
Glucose FADH2 Electron
Krebs Transport
Glycolysis
Cycle Chain

Mitochondrio
Cytoplasm n
 The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid
Cycle)
The Krebs cycle is the 2nd stage of cellular
respiration. (glycolysis is the 1st stage)
During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is
broken down into carbon dioxide in a series
of energy-extracting reactions.
The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid
cycle, because citric acid is one of its 1st
products.
 Stages Of The Krebs Cycle
1. The Krebs cycle starts when pyruvic acid formed by
glycolysis enters the mitochondrion.
2. The pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide and a
2-carbon acetyl group.
3. The 2 carbons of the acetyl group join a 4-carbon
compound to produce citric acid. The Krebs cycle
continues in a series of reactions. In these reactions, two
energy carriers accept high-energy electrons. NAD+ is
changed to NADH, and FAD is changed to FADH2. These
molecules carry high energy electrons to the electron
transport chain. The carbon dioxide is released as a
waste product.
 The Krebs Cycle

Citric Acid
Production
Mitochondrion
 The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
The ETC is the 3rd and final stage of cellular respiration.
The ETC uses the high energy electrons to change ADP into
ATP.
In the ETC, high energy electrons move from one carrier
protein to the next.
At the end of the chain, oxygen pulls electrons from the
final carrier molecule. These electrons join with hydrogen
ions, forming water.
Each transfer along the chain releases a small amount of
energy. ATP synthase uses the energy to produce ATP.
 Electron Transport Chain

Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion
Movement Channel Mitochondrion

membrane

ATP synthase

Inner
Membrane

Matrix
ATP
Production
 Cellular Respiration Overview

Carbon
Glucose
Dioxide
(C6H1206) Electron
Krebs (CO2)
+ Glycolysis Transport
Cycle +
Oxygen Chain
Water
(02)
(H2O)
 ATP Totals For Cellular Respiration
The totals for the cellular respiration cycle are
as follows:
-Glycolysis: +4 ATP 2 ATP = Net gain 2 ATP
-Krebs Cycle and ETC: +32 ATP
-Net gain for entire cycle is 34 ATP
Note: remember there are 2 ATP used in
glycolysis, therefore only 34 ATP are realized for
the cells further needs.
-The total number of ATP molecules formed
during cellular respiration is 36
 The Partnership Between Photosynthesis
And Cellular Respiration
The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration
occur in opposite directions.
On a global level, photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere and puts back oxygen.
Cellular respiration removes oxygen from the atmosphere
and puts back carbon dioxide.