VOLCANIC ERUPTION

GROUP 1 :
Adik Suriya Ningsih (3132131001)
Arlita Putri Batubara (3133131005)
Eka Nuriyanti (3131131006)
Kaleb Pardede (3133131023)
Meidhia Hafiza (3133131032)
 DEFINITION AND
CHARACTERISTICS
Volcanic eruptions happen when
lava and gas are discharged from a
volcanic vent. The most common
consequences of this are population
movements as large numbers of
people are often forced to flee the
moving lava flow. Volcanic eruptions
often cause temporary food shortages
and volcanic ash landslides called
Lahar.
 VOLCANO SHAPES
Most land volcanoes have the same basic
structure, but volcano shape and size varies
considerably. There are several elements that these
different volcano types have
The biggest variation in volcano structure is
theedifice, the structure surrounding `the central
vent. The edifice is built up by the volcanic material
spewed out when the volcano erupts. Consequently,
its composition, shape and structure are all
determined by the nature of the volcanic material
and the nature of the eruption. The three main
volcano shapes are:
Stratovolcanoes
These are the most familiar type of volcanoes, and
generally have the most destructive history of
eruptions. They are characterized by a fairly
symmetrical mountain edifice, which curves steeply
near the relatively small summit crater at the top.
They are usually built by Plinian eruptions that launch
a great deal of pyroclastic material. As the lava, ash
and other material spews out, it rapidly builds the
edifice around the vent. Stratovolcanoes tend to have
highly infrequent eruptions -- hundreds of years apart
-- and typically form in subduction zones.
 Scoria cone volcanoes
These relatively small cones
are the most common volcano
type. They are characterized
by steep slopes on both sides
of the edifice, which lead up to
a very wide summit crater.
This edifice is composed of
ashy tephra, usually spewed
out by Strombolian eruptions.
Unlike stratovolcanoes,
many Scoria cone volcanoes
have only one eruption event.

Sunset Crater, a scoria cone

volcano in Arizona
 Shield volcanoes
These wide, relatively short
volcanoes occur when low-
viscosity lava flows out with
minimal explosiveness, such
as in Hawaiian eruptions. The
lava disperses out over a
wide surface area --
sometimes hundreds of
kilometers -- building up a
shield-shaped dome. Near
the summit, the edifice gets a
little steeper, giving the
volcano a slightly raised
center. Many shield volcanoes
erupt with great frequency
(every few years or so).
Mauna Loa, a shield volcano in
Hawaii.
TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

The most common type of volcanic eruption

occurs when magma (the term for lava when
it is below the Earth's surface) is released
from a volcanic vent. Eruptions can be
effusive, where lava flows like a thick, sticky
liquid, or explosive, where fragmented lava
explodes out of a vent. In explosive eruptions,
the fragmented rock may be accompanied by
ash and gases; in effusive eruptions,
degassing is common but ash is usually not.
Hawaiian Eruption
In a Hawaiian eruption, fluid
basaltic lava is thrown into the air in
jets from a vent or line of vents (a
fissure) at the summit or on the flank
of a volcano. The jets can last for
hours or even days, a phenomenon
known as fire fountaining. The spatter
created by bits of hot lava falling out
of the fountain can melt together and
form lava flows, or build hills called
spatter cones. Lava flows may also
come from vents at the same time as
fountaining occurs, or during periods
where fountaining has paused.
Because these flows are very fluid,
they can travel miles from their
source before they cool and harden.
Strombolian Eruption
Strombolian eruptions are
distinct bursts of fluid lava
(usually basalt or basaltic
andesite) from the mouth of a
magma-filled summit conduit.
The explosions usually occur
every few minutes at regular or
irregular intervals. The
explosions of lava, which can
reach heights of hundreds of
meters, are caused by the
bursting of large bubbles of gas,
which travel upward in the
magma-filled conduit until they
reach the open air.
Vulcanian Eruption
A Vulcanian eruption is a short,
violent, relatively small explosion of
viscous magma (usually andesite,
dacite, or rhyolite). This type of
eruption results from the
fragmentation and explosion of a plug
of lava in a volcanic conduit, or from
the rupture of a lava dome (viscous
lava that piles up over a vent).
Vulcanian eruptions create powerful
explosions in which material can
travel faster than 350 meters per
second (800 mph) and rise several
kilometers into the air. They produce
tephra, ash clouds, and pyroclastic
density currents (clouds of hot ash,
gas and rock that flow almost like
fluids).
Plinian Eruption
The largest and most violent of all
the types of volcanic eruptions are
Plinian eruptions. They are caused by
the fragmentation of gassy magma,
and are usually associated with very
viscous magmas (dacite and rhyolite).
They release enormous amounts of
energy and create eruption columns
of gas and ash that can rise up to 50
km (35 miles) high at speeds of
hundreds of meters per second. Ash
from an eruption column can drift or
be blown hundreds or thousands of
miles away from the volcano.
Lava Domes
Lava domes form when very
viscous, rubbly lava (usually andesite,
dacite or rhyolite) is squeezed out of a
vent without exploding. The lava piles
up into a dome, which may grow by
inflating from the inside or by
squeezing out lobes of lava
(something like toothpaste coming out
of a tube). These lava lobes can be
short and blobby, long and thin, or
even form spikes that rise tens of
meters into the air before they fall
over. Lava domes may be rounded,
pancake-shaped, or irregular piles of
rock, depending on the type of lava
they form from.
Surtseyan Eruption
Surtseyan eruptions are a kind of
hydromagmatic eruption, where
magma or lava interacts explosively
with water. In most cases, Surtseyan
eruptions occur when an undersea
volcano has finally grown large
enough to break the water's surface;
because water expands when it
turns to steam, water that comes
into contact with hot lava explodes
and creates plumes of ash, steam
and scoria. Lavas created by a
Surtseyan eruption tend to be
basalt, since most oceanic
volcanoes are basaltic.
VOLCANO TYPES
Stratovolcanoes (Composite
Volcanoes)
Many of Earth's most beautiful
mountains arestratovolcanoesalso
referred to ascompositevolcanoes. The
stratovolcanoes are made up of layers of
lava flows interlayed with sand- or gravel-
like volcanic rock called cinders or
volcanic ash. These volcano land
formations are typically 10-20 miles across
and up to 10,000 or more feet tall. This
type of volcano has steeper slopes of 6-10
degrees on its flanks and as much as a 30
degree slope near the top.
Stratovolcanoes show interlayering of lava
flows and typically up to 50 percent
pyroclastic material, which is why they are
sometimes called composite volcanoes.
Shield Volcanoes
The second type may be
familiar to you from news reports
from Hawaii: the shield volcano.
This type of volcano can be
hundreds of miles across and
10,000 feet high. A shield volcano
is characterized by gentle upper
slopes (about 5 degrees) with
somewhat steeper lower slopes
(about 10 degrees). The shield
volcanoes are almost entirely
composed of relatively thin lava
flows built up over a central vent.
These features are illustrated in
the shield volcano diagram
shown below.
Supervolcanoes
While ordinary volcanoes can kill
thousands of people and destroy
entire cities, scientists believe that a
supervolcano explosion is big enough
to affect everyone on the planet.
Although they're called "super," most
people would have trouble spotting a
supervolcano before it erupts. The
main feature of supervolcanoes is a
large magma chamber, which is an
underground reservoir filled with
flowing, hot rock under huge
pressures. Afer their eruption ash has
been blown so far away that no
mountain exists, and commonly the
area is low and lake-filled.
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
An easily recognized type of volcano
is the cinder cone. As you might
expect from the name, these
volcanoes consist almost entirely of
loose, grainy cinders consisting
typically of basaltic and andesitic
material and almost no lava. They are
small volcanoes, usually only about a
mile across and up to about 1,000
feet high. They have very steep sides
and usually have a small crater on
top. Often cinder cones are classed
as a major type of volcano. But cinder
cones are much smaller than most
shield, composite, and ash flow
volcanoes. In fact, cinder cones occur
on all of these larger volcano types.
Thank
you