Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COURSE
By
ELDRED DONGALLO COLE
JUDGE
CRIMINAL LAW
- is an act or omission
punishable by law
Elements:
-There must be acts or omissions
-That the acts are punishable by the
Revised Penal Code
-That the acts are committed either by
dolo or culpa
IS CULPA OR CRIMINAL
NEGLIGENCE A CRIME?
Dolo
involves malice or deliberate intent.
Concurrence of 3 ingredients:
-criminal intent
-sufficient intelligence of
offender
-freedom of action
Requisites of intentional felonies:
Freedom - act or omission was
voluntary. Negated by: irresistible
force; uncontrollable fear
Intelligence - knowledge needed to
determine the morality and consequences
of an act. Negated by: minority,
insanity or imbecility
Criminal Intent - is presumed,
unless otherwise disproved, with the
commission of an unlawful act. Negated
by: mistake of fact
Intent-
1. Criminal liability is based on the moral trait of the 1. The moral trait of the offender is not considered, it
offender. Liability arise only when there is dolo or is enough that the prohibited act was voluntarily
culpa in the commission of the crime done.
2. Good faith or lack of criminal intent is a valid 2. Good faith is not a defense
defense, unless the crime is a result of culpa
3. Degree of accomplishment of the crime is taken 3. The act gives rise to a crime only when it is
into account in punishing the offender. There are consummated. There are no stages in the commission
attempted, frustrated and consummated stages in the of the crime unless the special law expressly provides
commission of the crime. for such.
4. Mitigating and aggravating circumstances are taken 4. Mitigating and aggravating circumstances are not
into account in imposing the penalty. taken into account in imposing the penalty.
5. When there is more than one offender, the degree 5. The degree of participation of the offenders is not
of participation of each in the commission of the considered. All those who perpetrated the prohibited
crime is taken into account in imposing the penalty. act are penalized to same extent.
Culpa
results from negligence,
imprudence, and lack of
foresight or lack of skill
Elements:
-negligence, imprudence, lack
of skill, lack of foresight
-sufficient intelligence
-freedom of action
Real concept of culpa
Elements:
o Unlawful aggression
o Reasonable necessity of the
means employed to prevent or
repel it
o Persons defending not induced
by revenge, resentment or
other evil motives
D. STATE OF NECESSITY
-exists when there is a clash
between two unequal rights, the
lesser right giving way to the
greater right. Must not be due to
the negligence of or violation of
any law by the actor.
Elements:
The evil sought to be avoided actually
exists.
The injury feared be greater than that
done to avoid it.
There is no other practical and less
harmful means of preventing it
THE STATE OF NECESSITY
MUST NOT HAVE BEEN
CREATED BY THE ONE
INVOKING THE JUSTIFYING
CIRCUMSTANCES.
E. FULFILLMENT OF DUTY OR
EXERCISE OF RIGHT OR OFFICE
Elements:
a. The offender acted in the
performance of a duty or the
lawful exercise of a right or
office
b. The injury caused or the
offense committed is the
necessary consequence of the due
performance of such right or
office
DO NOT CONFUSE
FULFILLMENT OF A DUTY
WITH SELF-DEFENSE.
F. OBEDIENCE TO SUPERIOR
ORDER
Elements:
An order has been issued by
a superior
The order is for a legal
purpose
The means used to carry out
said order is lawful
EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
1. PRINCIPALS
o principal by direct
participation
o principal by induction
o principal by indispensable
cooperation
2. ACCOMPLICES -not being
principals, cooperate in the
execution of the offense by
previous or simultaneous acts.
Knowledge of the crime is
necessary. Where co-accused's
assistance merely facilitated
the commission of the felonious
act of shooting, and that the
principal accused could have
accomplished his criminal act
without the forcer's cooperation
and assistance, the former could
be held guilty only as an
accomplice the killing.
3. ACCESSORIES
profiting from the effects of the
crime
concealing or destroying the body
of the crime
assisting the principal to escape