Application Layer

By
Farhan M.Shaikh
B.Sc. (CS),M.Sc. (IT), B.Ed.,M.Ed., M.A (Sociology)., UGC-NET (Education/ Sociology)

Visiting Faculty
L.S. Raheja College, SantaCruz
Tolani College, Andheri
Pioneer Education Center, Borivali, Andheri & Vasai
L.I.I.T., Dadar & Mulund
T.I.M.E., Andheri & Borivali
Unit 2 : Application Layer
DNS
Remote Logging (Telnet)
SMTP
FTP
WWW
HTTP

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Introduction

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Example of using the DNS service

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Introduction

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NAMESPACE

To be unambiguous, the names assigned to machines

must be carefully selected from a name space with
complete control over the binding between the names
and IP addresses.

Topics discussed in this section:

Flat Name Space
Hierarchical Name Space

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Flat Name Space

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Hierarchical Name Space

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DOMAINNAMESPACE

To have a hierarchical name space, a domain name

space was designed. In this design the names are
defined in an inverted-tree structure with the root at
the top. The tree can have only 128 levels: level 0
(root) to level 127.

Topics discussed in this section:

Label
Domain Name
Domain

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Domain Name Space

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Domain Name Space

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Domain Name and Label

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Domain

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Hierarchy of name servers

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DNS in the Internet

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Generic Domains

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Generic domain labels

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Country Domains

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Inverse Domain

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Inverse Domain

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Remote Logging (Telnet)

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TELNET

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Local and remote log-in

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TELNET

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TELNET

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SMTP (E Mail)
One of the most popular Internet services is electronic
mail (e-mail). The designers of the Internet probably
never imagined the popularity of this application
program. Its architecture consists of several
components that we discuss in this chapter.

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Architecture of E Mail

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Architecture of E Mail

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Architecture of E Mail

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Architecture of E Mail

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Architecture of E Mail

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Architecture of E Mail

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Architecture of E Mail

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Message Transfer Agent:- SMTP

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Message Transfer Agent:- SMTP

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SMTP Commands & Responses

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Commands

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SMTP Commands & Responses

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SMTP Commands & Responses

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Mail Transfer Phases

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FILETRANSFER

Transferring files from one computer to another is one

of the most common tasks expected from a networking
or internetworking environment. As a matter of fact,
the greatest volume of data exchange in the Internet
today is due to file transfer.

Topics discussed in this section:

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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Note

FTP uses the services of TCP. It needs

two TCP connections.

The well-known port 21 is used for the

control connection and the well-known
port 20 for the data connection.

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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Communication over Control Connection

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Communication over Data Connection

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Communication over Data Connection

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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ARCHITECTURE

The WWW today is a distributed client/server service,

in which a client using a browser can access a service
using a server. However, the service provided is
distributed over many locations called sites.

Topics discussed in this section:

Client (Browser)
Server
Uniform Resource Locator
Cookies

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Architecture of WWW

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WWW

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WWW

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WWW

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WEBDOCUMENTS

The documents in the WWW can be grouped into three

broad categories: static, dynamic, and active. The
category is based on the time at which the contents of
the document are determined.

Topics discussed in this section:

Static Documents
Dynamic Documents
Active Documents

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Static document

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Boldface tags

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Effect of boldface tags

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Beginning and ending tags

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Dynamic document using CGI

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Dynamic document using server-site script

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Note

Dynamic documents are sometimes

referred to as server-site dynamic
documents.

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Active document using Java applet

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Active document using client-site script

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Note

Active documents are sometimes

referred to as client-site dynamic
documents.

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HTTP

HTTP uses the services of TCP on well-

known port 80.
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HTTP Transaction

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Request and response messages

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Request and status lines

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Methods

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Status codes

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Status codes (continued)

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References
Computer Networks,
Tanenbaum A (PHI)

Data Communications and Networking,

Forouzan B (TMH)

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