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Denpasar Bali
Oct 21-25, 2013
NSN TSEL
Measurement processing
KPI case
5
4
e
3
tim
2
Physical channel 1
e.g. allocated to one 0
subscriber with FR voice 7
and no frequency hopping
6
5
4 TDMA frame
3 = 8 timeslots
2 ( 0.577ms * 8 = 4.615 ms)
1
0
7
6
5 2 2 2
4
3 TDMA frame
2
1
0
frequency
200 kHz
4 Nokia Siemens Networks
GSM Channel Organization
Logical Channels
for transport of specific content
mapping
MS Physical Channels
transport medium Base Station
Subsystem
Physical channel parameters
ARFCN
Time slot number
Frequency hopping algorithm
Downlink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51
f s f sf f s f s f s -
BCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH CCCH
Uplink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51
r r r r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r
Downlink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51
f s f sf f s f s f s -
rr f r r r r r r r r rf r r r r r r r r r rf r r r r f r r
t t t t t t t t t t t t sf t t t t t t t t t tf t t i
1 26
t = full rate TCH, s = SACCH/T, i = idle TDMA frame
t t t t t t s t t t t t t
f f
T T T T T T T T T T T T S
...
1 26
t = half rate TCH, s = SACCH/T (first user)
T = half rate TCH, S = SACCH/T (second user) TDMA frame
9 Nokia Siemens Networks
Signalling Channel Mapping
(SDCCH/8 +SACCH/C4)
Downlink
51 TDMA frames = 235 ms
1 51
f i i i
f fi i i
MO Class TR/RTSL
Parameter channelxType (CHx) where x = 07
Note:
Some values not allowed in certain tsl (e.g. TSL0
cant have value 8)
PBCCH is not supported in S13 and onwards
SEG-BTS parameters
MO Abbreviated Range Description Default BSC - MML
Class Name And Step value Name
BTS noOfMFramesB 2...9, step Defines the number of multiframes between 4 MFR
etweenPaging 1 two transmissions of the same paging
message to the MSs of the same paging
group.
MSC parameters
Buffering
Mobile sends channel requests to BTS separated by random time intervals in case of no answer!
Parameters
BTS nbrOfSlotsSpread MML Range: The number of TDMA frames over which 10 SLO
Trans 3..12, 14, 16, 20, retransmission is spread on the RACH (random
25, 32, 50 access channel)
S depends on numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans
signalling channel mapping (CCCH + SDCCH combined or not in one multi frame)
numberOfSlotsSpreadTrans = 10
signalling channel mapping = not combined S
= 58
Therefore t = 58..to..67 RACH slots
time channel requests
noOfBlocksForAccessGrant (AG) 0..7 possible number, if CCCH and SDCCH are not combined
1..7 possible number, if CBCH is used in non combined
configuration
0..2 possible number, if CCCH and SDCCH are combined
Base Station Identity Code BSIC = Network Colour Code NCC + Base Station Colour Code BCC
f1 bcc = 2
bcc = 1 f2
f1
f3
f1
bcc = 3
duplex distance
200 kHz
f2
f2 f1 f4
f1 f4 f3
f3 f5 f7
f5 f7 f6
f6 f2
f1 f4
f3
f5 f7
f6
Frequency
Call is transmitted through several frequencies to
average the interference (interference diversity)
minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)
F1
F2
F3
Time
22 Nokia Siemens Networks
Base Band Hopping
Hopping sequence
hoppingSequenceNumber (HSN) 0..63
0 = cyclic hopping
1..63 = pseudorandom hopping
Baseband Hopping
0 1 2 7 Timeslot
0 1 2 7 Timeslot
TRX 1 BC
CH f1 no hopping
TRX 2
Standard technique
Freeform hopping
setting of MAIO
Freeform hopping
BCCH BCCH
MA list MA list
Non-adjacent ARFCN Consecutive ARFCN
MA
MAlist
listand
andBCCH
BCCHfrequency
frequencyplanning
planningrequired Only
required OnlyBCCH
BCCHfrequency
frequencyplanning
planningrequired
required
BSIC / TSC
Frequencies
Frequency hopping setting
Intelligent underlay overlay TRX settings
When?
Why?
To camp on the best suitable cell Search RF channels
to find BCCH carrier
Why to camp on a specific cell?
For MS to receive system info from the NW on DL
For MS to be able to initiate a call whenever needed
For the NW to be able to locate the MS when there is a Check that the PLMN
MT call/SMS & cell is allowed
Parameter Value
LAI (locationAreaId)
MCC (Mobile Country Code) 0 999
MNC (Mobile Network Code) 0 99,
0 999 (optional 3-digit MNC)
LAC (Location Area Code) 1 65533
BSIC (bsIdentityCode)
NCC (Network Colour Code) 07
BCC (BTS Colour Code) 07
CI (cell-ID 0 65535
TSC (trainingSequenceCode) 07
no suitable no suitable
cell found
cell found cell found
2
(adopted from TS 43.022 V5.1
32 Nokia Siemens Networks
States and State Transition for Cell Selection
go here whenever a
new PLMN is selected
no suitable
cell found suitable cell found suitable cell found
Search for the frequency correction burst in that Tune to the next highest
carrier in order to verify if it is a BCCH carrier RF channel which is not
tried before
No
Is it a BCCH
carrier?
Yes
No
Is it a correct
PLMN ?
Yes
Yes
Is the cell barred?
No
No
Is C1>0
Yes
Camp on the cell
I am
outside
I am inside, but 0)
,
have not enough x(B
power ma
Cell1 Cell2
LAC1 LAC2
C1 ( Cell1) C1 (Cell2) A= 4 dB
B= 6 dB
C= 8 dB
A B C
C2
no TEMPORARY OFFSET
serving cell: C1
C2:
new candidate
CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
List of 6 = former serving
strongest cell
T
carriers:
C2: C2
C2:
C2: C1
C2:
C2:
C2: CELL_RESELECT_OFFSET
new candidate
= formerly non-
serving cell TEMPORARY OFFSET
T
PENALTY_TIME
37 Nokia Siemens Networks
Cell Reselection Based on Pathloss
Criterion C2
C2
cell 1 cell reselection &
cell 3
location update
cell
reselection cell 2
CELL_RESELECT_
HYSTERESIS (HYS)
LAC = A LAC = B
C2 = C1 + cellReselectOffset -
Micro 900 "D" temporaryOffset*H(penaltyTime-T)
Macro 1800 "B"
=30 + 0 (H(x)=0, serving cell) Cell "A"
=25 + 20 - 30*H(20 - T) Cell "B"
C2 =5 + 0 - 0*H(20 - T) Cell "C"
=50 + 0 - 30*H(40 - T) Cell "D"
cellReselectOffset 0 dB 20 dB 0 dB 0 dB
temporaryOffset 0 dB 30 dB 0 dB 30 dB
Macro 900 "A" Parameters
penaltyTime 20 s 20 s 20 s 40 s
When shall I
select a new cell?
REQUEST SUBSCRIBER ID
SEND SUBSCRIBER ID
AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION RESPONSE
Paging
LocUp
cellBarred Yes/No
Mobility
plmn-permitted 0 ... 7
Parameters
cellReselectHysteresis 0 ... 14 (dB)
Service request
Authentication request (SDCCH)
Idle Authentication response (SDCCH) Authentication
parameter
Ciphering mode command (SDCCH)
Setup (SDCCH)
Alert (FACCH)
Call confirmation
Dedicated Connect (FACCH)
parameter
Connect acknowledged (FACCH) Call accepted
Service request
Idle Authentication request (SDCCH)
parameter Authentication response (SDCCH) Authentication
Setup (SDCCH)
Alert (FACCH)
Call confirmation
Dedicated Connect (FACCH)
parameter
Connect acknowledged (FACCH) Call accepted
Network initiated
MS Disconnect NETWORK
Channel release
Release
MS initiated
MS Disconnect NETWORK
Channel release
Release
MS capabilities
MSC demands
BTS demands
Placing each Time Slot (BCCH, SDCCH, TCH and PDTCH) properly will result
good KPI (SDSR, DCR, HOSR TBF Completion rate)
Shitting
ShittingSDCCH,
SDCCH,BCCH
BCCHcan
canimprove
improveSDSR
SDSRand
andDCR
DCR
52 Nokia Siemens Networks
Standard TCH Allocation
(Interference Bands)
Measurement of uplink receive level on idle channels = uplink interference
BSC tries to allocate TCH from best interference band (can be requested by MSC)
If not available,
BSC tries to take TCH from next band
BO5 47 (fixed)
rxLevUL = -75 dBm
BO4 -90
BO3 -95
BO2 -100
BO1 -105
BO0 110 (fixed)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
53 Nokia Siemens Networks
Prioritized TCH Allocation (TRP)
Whole band , 50 channels 1 ch=200kHz
BCCH TRX does not hop in case of RF hopping -> hopping gain only for other TRX
Parameter
Allows to define minimum C/N ratios separately for each call type (AMR FR, AMR HR, EFR/FR, HR
and 14.4 data)
Parameter values RX level based TCH access:
0: RX level based TCH access is not used (C/N definitions not in use)
1: RX level based TCH access is used in call setup
2: RX level based TCH access is used in call setup and in handovers
Priorities
No TCH available for call set up / handover -> request put into queue
Different kinds of requests can have different priorities
Conditions
RLT is based on SACCH deletion but SACCH is though not using a dynamic
codec like voice in AMR, which means:
Using the EFR RLT value an AMR customer can have the call dropped
because RLT = 0 when still the FER is good
RLT is not anymore reliable with the same value in AMR than in EFR
Due to the fact that the FER performance is different when comparing AMR
calls to EFR calls, the Radio Link Timeout need to be defined separately for
AMR
The Radio Link Timeout parameters for AMR are ARLT and AHRLT. The
principle of these is the same than in the RLT but it is used only for the AMR
capable mobile stations. ARLT & AHRLT are not supported in Talk Family
base stations.
BCCH decoded
C1 cell selection criterion fulfilled
Cell not barred
Cell belongs to selected PLMN
64 Nokia Siemens Networks * MAX WAIT TIME OF RE-ESTAB REQ is a modifiable timer in MSC
NPT parameter related (Idle Parameter)
Measurement Measurements
Report
Measurement Measurements
Report
-110 -100 0
-109 -99 1
-108 -98 2
. . .
. . .
. . .
-49 -39 61
-48 -38 62
-47 -37 63
0 = no offset used
1 = offset used in general
2 = MS decides automatically about offset
RANGE MEAN
< 0.2 0.14 0
0.2-0.4 0.28 1
0.4-0.8 0.57 2
0.8-1.6 1.13 3
1.6-3.2 2.26 4
3.2-6.4 4.53 5
6.4-12.8 9.05 6
> 12.8 18.1 7
Average window = 4
Quality samples 0,0,7,0
WRONG!!: (0+0+7+0)/4 = 1.75 (wrong!!)
RIGHT: (0.14+0.14.+18.1+0.14)/4 = 4.63 (right!!) => corresponds to Qual5
VALUE RANGE
22..31 < 0.2 0
19..21 0.2-0.4 1
16..18 0.4-0.8 2
13..15 0.8-1.6 3
10..12 1.6-3.2 4
7..9 3.2-6.3 5
4..6 6.3-12.6 6
0..3 > 12.6 7
X axis: frame erasure rate (< 1%, 1-5 %, 5-10 %, 10-15 %, > 15 %)
Y axis: RX quality (0..7)
Z axis: Percentage of measurements for each FER category
Decoding of BCCH
for serving (camped) cell every 30 s
for adjacent cells every 5 min
Pre-synchronization and decoding of BSIC
for adjacent cells every 30 s
Adjacent cell list
Updating every 60 s
BCCH decoding of new cell in 30 s
TDMA FRAMES
TDMA FRAMES
4.615 ms TCH SACCH IDLE
Reduced
interference on
DL/UL
for DL and UL
for each call
bsTxPowerMin 0..30 dB
Yes No
POWER CONTROL
UPLINK
UL Quality <Av_RXQUAL_UL>
DL Level <Av_RXLEV_DL>
POWER CONTROL
DOWNLINK
Nx samples
Less than Px samples exceed threshold
No power change triggered
Actual average samples
threshold
Nx samples
Px samples are equal to or exceed threshold
Signal level thresholds
Power change triggered
pcUpperThresholdLevelDL/UL (UDR/UUR) -110..-47 dBm
pcLowerThresholdLevelDL/UL (LDR/LUR) -110..-47 dBm
Nx 1..32
Px 1..32
AMR FR
AMR HR
Lower Upper
-110 dB Level(-90) Level(-80)
-47 dB
Qual 7
Quality
83 Nokia Siemens Networks
POC
Lower Upper
-110 dB Level Level
-47 dB
Qual 7
Quality
84 Nokia Siemens Networks
POC and HOC (UL)
UL Level HO
-110 dB Threshold
-47 dB
Qual 7
Quality
85 Nokia Siemens Networks
Power Control Summary
Qual 0
Power increase Power decrease Power decrease
due to level due to quality due to level
6 dB
or quality
Upper Quality
Lower Quality
Power increase Power increase Power increase
due to level due to quality due to quality
or quality
Qual 7
pcLowerThresholdsLevelDL/UL
Yes No
pcUpperThresholdsLevelDL
variableDLStepUse (VDLS) = No
Yes No
pcUpperThresholdsLevelUL
Yes No
pcLowerThresholdsQualDL/UL
pcUpperThresholdsQualDL/UL
Yes No
Avoid ping pong effect Take algorithm for power decrease due to signal level
(different for MS & BTS power decrease)
Should be greater
than HOC
92 Nokia Siemens Networks
Handover Control
Intra PLMN
Simple Cell ID required Inter PLMN
LAC + CI Global Cell ID required
MCC + MNC + LAC + CI
Inter MSC
Intra cell
Only other carrier / timeslot
Inter cell
Intra BSC
Inter BSC
Intra MSC
Macro cells
Micro cells
Intelligent Underlay Overlay
Different frequencies for high / low power TRx
threshold
900 Macro
A
1800 Micro
Threshold umbrella
handover 85 dBm
Threshold RX level
handover 95 dBm
Umbrella handover RX
B Umbrella handover RXlevel
levelhandover
handover
toto1800
1800cell back
back to 900cell
cell to 900 cell
103 Nokia Siemens Networks
HO due to PBGT
IF
EnablePowerBudgetHO= Yes
HoPeriodPBGT - interval between the power budget
threshold comparisons
Exercis e Solution
UMBR umbrella HO
RR radio reason HO
PBGT power budget HO
macrocells
PBGT,RR
UMBR+FMT RR
PBGT,RR
microcells
N (no
predefinition)
107 Nokia Siemens Networks
HO due to Directed Retry
IF
DirectedRetryUsed = Yes
Handover from SDCCH of serving cell to TCH of adjacent cell due to congestion
minTimeLimitDR Target cell evaluation started
MaxTimeLimitDR - Target cell evaluation stopped
No TCH available during call set up in serving cell -> handover to TCH of other cell
TCH
SDCCH minTimeLimitDR
Assignment
congested Request Time
maxTimeLimitDR
DR not allowed
DR allowed
IF
HoThresholdsRapidLevUL/Px > 0
IF
Px number of RXLEV_UL measurement < HoThresholdsRapidLevUL
THEN
Handover cause Rapid field drop
Serving cell
2nd
Handover
triggered
Should be lower
than POC
112 Nokia Siemens Networks
NPT parameter related (ADCE Parameter)
DROPS
100 * %
CALLS
TCH SEIZURES FOR NEW CALL TCH ASSIGNMENTS FOR NEW CALL
tch_norm_seiz /c1009 tch_new_call_assign /c57033
+tch_seiz_due_sdcch_con /c1099 (S5)
+msc_i_sdcch_tch /c4044
STARTED CONVERSATIONS
-tch_re_est_assign /c57032
conver_started /c57015
+bsc_i_sdcch_tch /c4057
- msc_i_tch_tch /c4043
+cell_sdcch_tch /c4074
-tch_succ_seiz_for_dir_acc /c1165 (S7)
TCH RELEASE
-tch_re_est_assign /c57032 (S7)
CONVERSATION STARTED Disconnect from MS
conn_ack to BTS
TCH SEIZED
BSC allocates a TCH as a response to TCH ASSIGNED
TCH request (Channel Activation) Assignment_complete from BTS
RF CHN RELEASE
Rf_channel_release_ack
from BTS
124 Nokia Siemens Networks
KPI- Rules, TCH Drop due to RF/Abis
RxLev = -80dBm
CRO=0
GSM
DCS
RxLev = -95dBm
CRO=23
HO threshold = 20
GSM/DCS A GSM/DCS B
Call establish on cell A, then received After user serve by cell B, cell B will
level drop below HO threshold. User ask user to do handover as received
will move from cell A to cell B level on cell B already below HO
threshold.
1 4
2
1. Lots of Q4 samples. Distribution is not OK HW problem. Site reset will help
2. Lots of bad signal level samples. TRX/Combiner is broken. If no HW problem
Site is totally in wrong place, site is like transferring traffic to another cell ( cause
level HO). Typically a HW problem
3. Lots of Q6 and Q7 samples. Distribution is not OK, no Q5 samples HW
problems. Site reset or broken TRX
4. Typical normal interference problem.
HW Problem
All samples below
-100dBm
CL10 <-100dBm
Huge amount of UL bad samples. Cells is not working properly, it is like transferring traffic, UL quality/ UL level HOs are triggering
immediately. These kind of cells must be investigated.
Internal Interference
Interference can be seen from stats or can be measured by scanner.
Neighbor cells (DL) or mobiles (UL) are causing interference.
By frequency / network planning interference can be decreased.
External Interference
Interference can be seen from stats or can be measured by scanner.
External radio frequencies are causing interference
Military use
In the border area, interference is coming from other country.
Some external wireless system (for example some wireless industry system)
is causing interference
Increased I level can be also due to external interference
(hfr_55a)