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Background:
# wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now
exceeds # wired phone subscribers!
computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs,
Internet-enabled phone promise anytime
untethered Internet access
two important (but different) challenges
communication over wireless link
handling mobile user who changes point of
attachment to network
wireless hosts
laptop, PDA, IP phone
run applications
may be stationary
network (non-mobile) or mobile
infrastructure wireless does not
always mean mobility
3G
384 Kbps UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000
384 Kbps
2G
56 Kbps IS-95 CDMA, GSM
56 Kbps
A B C
C
As signal Cs signal
B strength strength
A
space
Hidden terminal problem
Signal fading:
B, A hear each other B, A hear each other
B, C hear each other B, C hear each other
A, C can not hear each other interferring
A, C can not hear each other
at B
means A, C unaware of their
interference at B
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
output output
slot 1 slot 0
M
Di = Zi,m.cm
m=1
M
received 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d0 = 1
input -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 d1 = -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
BSS 2
6: Wireless and Mobile 6-
802.11: Channels, association
802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into
11 channels at different frequencies
AP admin chooses frequency for AP
interference possible: channel can be same as
that chosen by neighboring AP!
host: must associate with an AP
scans channels, listening for beacon frames
containing APs name (SSID) and MAC address
selects AP to associate with
may perform authentication [Chapter 8]
will typically run DHCP to get IP address in APs
subnet
A B C
C
As signal Cs signal
B strength strength
A
space
- if frame received OK
return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due to
hidden terminal problem)
RTS(A) RTS(B)
reservation collision
RTS(A)
CTS(A) CTS(A)
DATA (A)
defer
time
ACK(A) ACK(A)
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
Internet
H1 R1 router
AP
802.3 frame
802.11 frame
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol To From More Power More
Type Subtype Retry WEP Rsvd
version AP AP frag mgt data
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
H1 remains in same IP
router
subnet: IP address
can remain same hub or
switch: which AP is switch
headphones) P radius of
M
ad hoc: no infrastructure coverage
master/slaves: S S P
P
slaves request permission to
send (to master)
master grants requests
M Master device
802.15: evolved from
Slave device
Bluetooth specification S
2.4-2.5 GHz radio band P Parked device (inactive)
up to 721 kbps
6: Wireless and Mobile 6-
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction Mobility
6.5 Principles:
Wireless addressing and routing
6.2 Wireless links, to mobile users
characteristics 6.6 Mobile IP
CDMA 6.7 Handling mobility in
6.3 IEEE 802.11 cellular networks
wireless LANs (wi-fi) 6.8 Mobility and higher-
6.4 Cellular Internet layer protocols
Access
architecture 6.9 Summary
standards (e.g., GSM)
wired network
TDMA/FDMA
CDMA-2000
GPRS EDGE UMT Dont drown in a bowl
IS-136 S
GSM IS-95 of alphabet soup: use this
oor reference only
CDMA-2000 (phase 1)
data rates up to 144K
evolved from IS-95
wide area
network
Permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186 correspondent
Care-of-address: address
in visited network.
(e.g., 79,129.13.2)
wide area
network
1
2
wide area
network
mobile contacts
foreign agent contacts home foreign agent on
agent home: this mobile is entering visited
resident in my network network
End result:
Foreign agent knows about mobile
Home agent knows location of mobile
6: Wireless and Mobile 6-
Mobility via Indirect Routing
foreign agent
receives packets,
home agent intercepts forwards to mobile
packets, forwards to visited
foreign agent network
home
network
3
wide area
network
2
1
correspondent 4
addresses packets
mobile replies
using home address
directly to
of mobile
correspondent
correspondent, mobile
are in same network
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by
correspondent
R bit: registration
required type = 16 length sequence #
RBHFMGV
registration lifetime reserved
bits mobility agent
advertisement
0 or more care-of- extension
addresses
registration req.
registration req. COA: 79.129.13.2
COA: 79.129.13.2 HA: 128.119.40.7
HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186
MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 9999
Lifetime: 9999 identification:714
identification: 714 .
encapsulation format
.
registration reply
time HA: 128.119.40.7 registration reply
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 4999 HA: 128.119.40.7
Identification: 714 MA: 128.119.40.186
encapsulation format Lifetime: 4999
. Identification: 714
.
recall: correspondent
wired public
telephone
network
MSC MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
1 call routed
to home network
3 Public
VLR switched
Mobile
telephone
Switching
network
Center
4
home MSC sets up 2nd leg of call
to MSC in visited network
mobile
user MSC in visited network completes
visited call through base station to mobile
network