POLYNOMIAL FACTORIZATION

FUNCTIONS
LAGRANGES FORMULA
Use Lagrange if both f(xo) and
f(x1) are known values
x x1 x xo
f ( x) ( ) fo ( ) f1
xo x1 x1 xo
EXAMPLE 2.24 P 100

f(x) = x3-3x2+6x-4
Step 1: Divide by x-1
Step 2 : multiply x-1 with -2x
Step 3: multiply x-1 with 4
POLYNOMIAL FN NESTED
MULTIPLICATION
To evaluate f(x) = anxn + an-1x n-1 + .+ a1x + a0 at a point x=t
Then with nested multiplication f(x) can be written

f(x)=(bn-1xn-1 + bn-2xn-2 +..+ b1x +bo)(x-t) +f(t)

f ( x) f (t )
Or bn 1 x n 1 bn 2 x n 2 .... b1 x bo q( x)
xt xt

Remainder r=f(t), q(x) = quotient polynomial

The coefficient bi where i=0,1,2n-1of the quotient polynomial and
remainder can be determined as follows
bn-1 =a
bn-k =tbn-k+1 + an-k+1 (k=2,3.n)
f(t) = tbo +ao
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NESTED MULTIPLICATION

example
2x5+ 6x4+ 10x3 6x2 9x+ 4

Example 2.25 p104

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POLYNOMIAL FN ROOTS OF POLYNOMIALS
Consider f(x) = anxn + an-1x n-1 + .+ a1x + a0
Define n
f ( x) An ( x a ) n
When f(x) =0 k 0
has no roots greater than x=a if all values of Aks have same sign
Has no roots less than x=a if the Aks alternate in sign
Consider a quadratic equation with roots and then
(x- ) (x- )=0 x2-( +)x + =0
Comparing with standard quadratic equation of ax2+bx+c=0, then
+=-b/a = c/a
For a cubic equation ax3 +bx2 +cx +d=0, then
++=-b/a; ++=c/a; =-d/a

In general for any polynomial equation

anxn + an-1x n-1 + .+ a1x + a0=0
The sum of the products of the roots, k at a time is (-1)k an-k /an
See example 2.29

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TRY THESE USE SYNTHETIC
DIVISION
15x +x 52x + 20x+ 16
4 3 2

Step 1: Try x = 1
Step 2: Factor using x = -2
Step 3: Factor out the quadratic equation

x4+ 6x3 7x2 30x+ 10 = 0 if given that

 f(x) =

RATIONAL FUNCTIONS (RF)

& WORKING WITH
ASYMPTOTES
have the general form
p ( x)
f(x) = where p(x) and q(x) are poly nomials.
q ( x)

if degree of p is < degree of q = strictly proper rational function.

if degree of p = degree of q = proper rational function.
if degree of p is > degree of q = improper rational function.

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ASYMPTOTES
Horizontal domain of denominator
Vertical & slant - limit of functions
asymptote
s
TRY THESE
Find the domain and
asymptotes of this
function
 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS-
PARTIAL FACTION
Distinct linear factors
Cover-up rule example 2.31 p 116
Repeated linear factors Example 2.33 p118
Irreducible quadratic factors Example 2.34 p119
See Examples

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CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
Unit circle x-y coordinates for each point along
the circle
CIRCULAR FUNCTION
circular function is static in nature
trigonometric functions is dynamic and consider motion of
a point around a circle c c
sin tan
a b
b
cos
a
B
a a b c
sin erule
c sin A sin B sin C

cos ine rule

C
A a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
b
b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
c 2 b 2 a 2 2ab cos C
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GRAPHS CIRCULAR
FUNCTIONS
rad=180o
Length or arc = r
Area of sector=1/2 r2

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 BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
For any real numbers (well
defined x)

Reciprocal Identities

Quotient Identities

Identities for negatives

Pythagorean Identity

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TRY THESE
Evaluate each circular function for
x = /3

DO THIS

cos (5/6)
sin (-3/4)
csc 3
tan (-/3)
USE YOUR CALCULATOR
AND EVALUATE THESE
sin 2
tan (-1.612)
csc 3.2
cos 4
sec 1.605
cot (-3.133)
tan 138o
tan 59o
GRAPH OF VARYING AMPLITUDE AND
FREQUENCY
y= sin x y = 5 sin x.

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TRANSFORMATION OF
GRAPHS OF CIRCULAR
FUNCTIONS
What happen when (x, y)
(2x,y)
Check all your nodes:
(0,0)
What happen when (x,y) (x, 3y)

Check on other possible

translations
INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

y=sin-1x; x=sin y
y=cos-1x; x=cos y
y= tan-1x; x=tan y
Polar coordinates
r= (x2+y2

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Find all solutions to the
equation sin x = for x
[0,4]
Sketch the graph for x range from 0 to 4
For < x < 3/2 with cos x = - sin /6, find the
value of x (do not evaluate sin /6)

It is suggested that the level h(t) in a tank will be above the

alarmed value after 20 hours of operation. The alarm will be
automatically sent when the height reached the set level at
H(t) = 4 sin () where t is the value after hours of operations
(a) Draw the graph that shows y =h(t) for 0
(b) When was the alarm sent?
(c ) What was the height of the level?
(d) What was the height after 8 hours of operations?
EXPONENTIAL &
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
Growth curve of microbes
Adsorption behaviours of adsorbent
Decay of catalyst activities
Decay of reactant concentrations
Temperature profiling of cooling body
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

f(x)= ax eg y=2x
y=ex e=2.718
Properties
e0=1
eaeb= ea+b
ea/b= ea-b
(ea)b= eab

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LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
y=ln x
y=ax gives x=log ay
Inverse of exponential; graph reflecting at y=x
Properties
loga(xy)=logax + logay
loga (x/y)= logax logay
Logaxn = nlogax
x=a loga x

yx=axloga y

ln ee=x 29
TRY THESE
A culture of bacteria grows at a rate proportional to the amount
present. If there are 1200 bacteria present initially and the amount
doubles in 1 hour, calculate the number of bacteria present after a
further 1.5 hour.

An object was quenched in a freezer that was set at -5oC. The

object cools from 45oC to 20oC in 40 minutes. According to
Newtons law of cooling, the object cools at a rate proportional to
the excess of its present temperature over that of freezer.
Calculate how long will it take for the object to reach 0oC?
HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS
OSBORNS RULE
To change circular functionhyperbolic
replace each circular function by corresponding hyperbolic
functions
change sign of every product or implied product of two sines
See example

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HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Contain combination of exponential functions recur many times
Hyperbolic sine

Hyperbolic cosine

Osborn rule

Hyperbolic cosech

Osborn rule

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GRAPHS
TRY THESE
Prove that cosh 2 x sinh2 x = 1

Simplify tanh ln x
Simplify

Derive fro sinh (x+y) and cosh (x+y) the identity for
tanh (x+y) =
INVERSE HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS
y=sinh-1x; x in real numbers
y=cosh-1x; x1, y0
y=tanh-1x; -1<x<1

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OTHERS
IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS y
Algebraic
( x 1) 1irrational
- Circular and exponential functions ( x 1) 1function
transcendental functions
Cannot be expressed as rational functions
1. Algebraic function f(x) = an (x)yn + an-1(x) yn-1 + .+ a1(x)
y+ a0(x)=0 eg: y2-2xy-8x =0

2. Implicit function-require numerical solution, cannot obtain an

algebraic formula; calculate each x for the y value
Eg : xye2xy = 2ex-1

3. Piecewise Function function in pieces (or parts)

1 x 0
1. Signum function Force=-R sgn ()
Sgn 1 x 0
0 x0
2. Heaviside unit step function 0 x 0

H ( x) 1 x 0
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 NUMERICAL EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS

3 ways to solve
1. Graph read x and corresponding y from graph
2. Draw table of values of functions or make a table
3. Give an analytical approximation To evaluate for a given value of
x, do interpolation linearly within table of values to get the y (see
eg)
When assume linear, graphical method has implicit error
x xi
f ( x) fi ( f i 1 f i )
xi 1 xi
or
x xi 1 x xi
f ( x) fi ( f i 1 ) lagrange' s form
xi xi 1 xi 1 xi
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ERROR IN LINEAR
INTERPOLATION
1 2
E fi
8

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