Pengantar Statistik

Nonparametrik

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Statistik

History
The first use of what we would now call a
nonparametric statistical procedure seems to have
been reported in 1710 by John Arbuthnot. Uses of
such procedures were conspicuously sparse until
the 1940s. The word nonparametric appeared for
the first time in 1942 in a paper by Wolfowitz.
Since then, the growth of interest in both the
theory and the application on nonparametric
statistics has been rapid.
Advantages
1. Since most nonparametric procedures depend
on a minimum of assumptions, the chance of
their being improperly used is small.
2. For some nonparametic procedures, the
computations can be quickly and easily
performed, especially if calculations are done
by hand. Thus using them saves computation
time. This can be an important consideration if
results are needed in a hurry or if high-powered
calculation devices are not available.
Advantages (cont..)
3. Researchers with minimum preparation in
mathematics and statistics usually find the
concepts and methods of nonparametric
procedures easy to understand.
4. Nonparametric procedures may be applied
when the data are measured on a weak
measurement scale, as when only count data
or rank data are available for analysis.
Disadvantages
1. Because the calculation needed for most
nonparametric procedures are simple and
rapid, these procedures are sometimes used
when parametric procedures are more
appropriate. Such a practice often wastes
information.
2. Although nonparametic procedures have a
reputation for requiring only simple calculations,
the arithmetic in many instances is tedious and
laborious, especially when samples are large
and a computer is not handy.
When to use
1. The hypothesis to be tested does not involve a
population parameter.
2. The data have been measured on a scale
weaker than that required for the parametric
procedure that would otherwise be employed.
For example, the data may consist of count
data or rank data, thereby precluding the use of
some otherwise appropriate parametric
procedure.
When to use (cont..)
3. The assumptions necessary for the valid use
of a parametric procedure are not met. In many
instances, the design of a research project may
suggest a certain parametric procedure.
Examination of the data, however, may reveal
that one or more assumptions underlying the
test are grossly violated. In that case, a
nonparametric procedure in frequently the only
alternative.
4. Results are needed in a hurry, a computer is
not readily available, and calculations must be
done by hand.
Perbandingan
There is at least one nonparametric test
equivalent to a parametric test
These tests fall into several categories
1. Tests of differences between groups
(independent samples)
2. Tests of differences between variables
(dependent samples)
3. Tests of relationships between variables
Perbandingan
Two samples Parametric Nonparametri
compare mean c
value for some
variable of t-test for Wald-
interest independent Wolfowitz
samples runs test
Mann-Whitney
U test
Kolmogorov-
Smirnov two
sample test
Perbandingan

Multiple groups Parametri Nonparametr

c ic
Analysis Kruskal-Wallis
of analysis of
variance ranks
(ANOVA/
MANOVA)
Median test
Perbandingan
Compare two Parametri Nonparametr
variables c ic
measured in the t-test for
same sample dependen Sign test
t samples
Wilcoxons
matched
If more than two pairs test
variables are Repeated Friedmans
measured in measures two way
same sample ANOVA analysis of
variance
Perbandingan
Parametric Nonparametric
Correlation Spearman R
coefficient
Kendall Tau
Coefficient
Gamma

Chi square
Two variables Phi coefficient
of interest are Fisher exact test
categorical
Kendall coefficient
of concordance
Summary table of statistical tests
Level of Sample Characteristics Correlation
Measurement
1 2 Sample K Sample (i.e., >2)
Sample
Independent Dependent Independent Dependent

Categorical 2 or 2 Macnarmar 2 Cochrans Q

or Nominal bi- s 2
nomial

Rank or Mann Wilcoxin Kruskal Wallis Friendmans Spearmans

Ordinal Whitney U Matched H ANOVA rho
Pairs Signed
Ranks

Parametric z test t test t test within 1 way ANOVA 1 way Pearsons r

(Interval & or t test between groups between ANOVA
Ratio) groups groups (within or
repeated
measure)
Factorial (2 way) ANOVA

(Plonskey, 2001)
Criticism of Nonparametric
Procedure
Losing precision/wasteful of data
Low power
False sense of security
Lack of software
Testing distributions only
Higher-ordered interactions not deal with