Introduction:

Management is universal in the modern industrial

world, and there is no substitute for good
management. It makes human efforts more
productive and brings technology.
Meaning of Management: Management is
relatively a new discipline. Being a new discipline
it has drawn concepts and principles from
economics, sociology, statistics and so on. The
result is that each group has defined
Management differently.
E.g.: Economists see Management as a factor of
production; sociologists see it as a class or group
of persons.
Management is a Process: Management is
called a process which involves Planning,
Organizing, Directing and controlling the efforts of
human resources in the use of material resources.
 The definition of management is graphically
as shown below:
 Nature of Management: The following are
the important features or Characteristics of
Management:

Management is getting things done: A

Manager does not do any operating work
himself but gets it done through others. He
must motivate the subordinates for the
accomplishment of the task assigned to them.

Management is an activity: Management is a

process of organized activity. It is concerned
with the efficient use of resources like men,
Money, and Material in the organization.
 Management is a group activity:
Management cannot exist independent of the
group or organization it manages. It is a
cardinal part of any group activity and
inspires workers to put forth their best efforts.
Management is Purposeful: Management
is a goal-oriented activity. It is concerned with
the accomplishment of goals through its
various functions like Planning, Organizing,
Staffing, Directing and Controlling.
Management is a Profession: It is a
profession because some of its established
principles are being applied in practice.
 Management is Intangible: Management is
abstract and cannot be seen with the eyes. It is
evidenced by the quality of the organization and
the results. Thus, feeling of management is result
oriented.
Management is a Science and an Art:
Management has developed certain principles and
laws which have wide applications. So it is treated
as a Science, it is also an Art, because it is
concerned with the applications of knowledge for
the solution of organization problems.
Management involves decision-Making:
Management process involves decision-Making at
various levels for getting things done by other. It
involves selecting the most appropriate alternatives
out of the several
 Management is Dynamic: Management is
Dynamic because it adapts itself to the
social changes introduces innovation in
methodology.

Management is concerned with

directing and controlling: Management is
concerned with the direction and control of
the various activities. It deals particularly
with the active direction of the human
efforts.
 Management plays a unique role in modern
society. It regulates our productive activities by
organizing factors of production. A business which
has all the resources like men, money, material
and Machinery cannot satisfy customers unless
they are efficiently managed. The following are
the various points of the significance:
Determination of objectives: The success of
various operations of an organization mainly
depends on the identification of its objectives.
Objectives are identified and laid down by the
management. They should be in writing and
communicated to all others in the organization
 Achieving of objectives: It is the
Management which directs the group efforts
towards the achievements of various
objectives. It brings the human and non
human resources together
Optimum utilization of resources: It is
the management which makes optimum
utilization of various resources such as
Land, labour, Capital and enterprise.
Provide innovation: Management infuses
an enterprise with new ideas, imagination.
 Management of a modern business
organization is a complex process. The term
process refers to an identifiable flow of
information through interrelated stages of
analysis directed for the accomplishment of
objectives.
Thus Management as a process may involve
several activities. These activities are called the
functions of Management. The main activities
involved in Managerial functions are:
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Controlling
 It is a mental process requiring foresight and sound
judgment. It determining the course of action to
achieve the objectives.
Planning implies deciding in advance what to do,
when to do, where to do and how the results are to
be evaluated. It is a continuous process. It is
required to ensure effective utilization of human
and non human resources to accomplish the
desired goals. The process of Planning involves the
following activities:
Laying down objectives and Development Planning
Searching alternative course of action
Evaluating of various alternatives and formulation
of a Plan
Formulating Policies and Procedures
Preparing Schedules, programmes and Budgets.
 Once Planning is affected, the people in
the organization have to be organized.
Organizing is the process of establishing
relationships among the members of the
organization.
Organization is the process of identifying
and grouping the work to be performed
and dividing it among the individuals and
creating authority and responsibility
relationships among them for the
accomplishment of objectives.
The process of organizing thus involves the
following activities:
Identifying the activities involved in
achieving the objectives
Grouping the activities into a Logical pattern
Assigning the activities to employees.
Delegation (Placing) authority and fixing
responsibility.
Coordinating the authority and
responsibility relationships of various
activities.
 It is considered as a separate function in view
of the need to employ the right type of
people and develop them for the well being
of the organization. It is concerned with the
human resources of an organization.
According to Harold Knootz and ODonell
The Managerial function of staffing involves
maintain the organization structure through
proper selection, appraisal and development
of personnel to fill the roles designed in the
structure. It involves the following:
It involves the following:
Man power planning i.e. determining the
numbers and the kind of personnel
required.
Recruitment of personnel.
Selection of the most suitable personnel.
Placement and orientation of employees
Training and development
Proper Evaluation of employees.
Transfer, Promotion, termination and lay
off of employees.
 Directing is otherwise called Management
in action. It is concerned with the
actuating of the members of the
organization for the accomplishment of
goals.
In the words of George R. Terry Directing
means moving to action and supplying
simulative power to the group. It involves
issuing instructions to sub-ordinates,
guiding, Motivating, and supervising them.
 It is the process of seeing whether the activities have
been performed in conformity with the plans.
Controlling is the process of checking actual
performance Against the agreed standard with a
view to ensuring satisfactory performance.
The process of controlling involves the following:
Determination of Standards for measuring work
performance.
Measurement of actual performance.
Comparing actual performance with the standard.
Finding variance between the actual and the
standard, and the reasons for the same.
Taking corrective action to ensure attainment of
objectives.
Introduction: F.W Taylor along with his associates
Gilberth, Ganh, & Emerson made tremendous
contributions to attempt of scientific
management. He suggested for the first time, the
need for a scientific approach to the task of
managing an enterprise. He is called the father of
scientific management.
F.W Taylor was born in 1856 in Philadelphia U.S.A.
Taylor worked as a chief engineer in the Midrale
steel works where he started his career as an
apprentice. He carried out many experiments to
find out the best way to work, over a period of
more than two decades
 Meaning:

The term scientific management contain

two words scientific & management.
Scientific means systematic, analytical &
objective approach, but management
means getting things done through others.
Hence scientific management means the
management based on careful observation,
objective analysis and innovative outlook. In
other words scientific management is the
art of knowing exactly what is to be done
the best way so doing it.
 Replacement of old rule of thumb Method: The
substitution of rule of thumb by scientific approach is
one of the chief contributions of Taylor. In this
approach decisions are made on the basis of facts as
developed by the application of scientific method. It
consists of research and experimentation, collection
of data, analysis of data and formulations.
Scientific selection & Training: The selection of
the right type of worker for the right job is very
significant. Under this method the task of selection is
entrusted to a certain personnel department. Then
the selected workers are trained to teach the right
methods of work.
 Maximum Output: The management &
workers should try to achieve maximum
output. This will prove highly beneficial &
useful to workers, management & society at
large.
Equal division of Responsibility: If
management is responsible for planning &
organizing, the workers are responsible for
the execution work as per the instructions
of management. It is also known as equal
division responsibility.
To bring scientific management into practice, Taylor
suggested the following techniques:
Scientific task setting: it is essential to set the
standard task of every worker through scientific
investigation. Taylor called it a proper days work.
While setting the standard, care is taken to see that
a correct standard is set. It should be neither more
or nor less than the average capacity of the worker.
Work Study: work study means a systematic,
objective and critical examination of operational
efficiency in an organization. It eliminates wasteful
and unnecessary operations, reduces efforts &
increases productivity.
The main aspects of work study are:
Method Study: It is a preliminary survey of
production process. Its object is to know the best
method of doing a job and to familiarize the
investigator with the tools, methods & operations
in process.
Motion study: It involves the study of the
movement of worker or a machine. Its object is to
eliminate useless and inefficient motions & to find
out the best method of doing a particular job.
Time study (or) work Measurement: time
study is an art of observing and recording the
time required to do a particular job. It helps in
fixing the standard time for doing job under given
conditions.
 Rate setting: positive measure should be adopted
to fix wage rates in such a manner that the average
worker is induced to attain the standard.
Taylor recommended the differential piece rate
system. Under this system, the standard daily
output of a worker is fixed and there are two piece
rates. Workers who perform the standard task in the
prcised time are paid a much higher rate per unit.
Criticism of scientific Management: Taylor
scientific management was criticized by the
workers, managers and public at large. The various
types of criticism are as follows:
It ignores the functional areas of management such
as marketing, finance & so on
Worker is reduced to a cog in the machine.
 Henri Fayol suggested fourteen principles of
management for running the business efficiently.
They are as follows
1. Division of work
2. Authority & Responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination of individual interest to
general interest
7. Remuneration to personnel
8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain.
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of tenure
13. Initiative
14. Espirit de-corps

The policy of divide and rule should be

replaced by
Union and Strength.
 Douglas Mc Gregor was a profession of
management at MIT (U.S.A). He presented two
sets of assumptions managers make about the
nature of their employees. These sets are named
as theory X and theory Y
Under theory X (or) Traditional theory:
Employees are inherently lazy
They require constant guidance and support
Give an opportunity; they would like to avoid
responsibility.
Sometimes they require control
It is negative way
 Theory Y (or) modern theory:

Some employees consider work as natural,

they do not hate work.
Employees are capable of directing &
controlling performance on their own.
Higher rewards make the employees work
commitment.
Most of them are highly imaginative, creative.
It is positive way