FUEL PROPERTIES

Clean Air Act Specifies Fuel Quality

Unleaded Gasoline
Aromatics 45% max Jan. 1, 2000
Benzene 4% max Jan. 1, 2000
AKI 87.5 min Jan. 1, 2001
RVP 9 psi max Jan. 1, 2001
Aromatics 35% max Jan. 1, 2003
Benzene 2% max Jan. 1, 2003

Automotive Diesel
Sulfur 0.2% max Jan. 1, 2001
Cetane No./Index 48 min Jan. 1, 2001
Sulfur 0.05% max Jan. 1, 2004

Industrial Diesel
Sulfur 0.3% max Jan. 1, 2001
Under the Biofuels Act
BIOETHANOL

PNS/DOE QS 007:2005 for Anhydrous

Bioethanol Fuel
Bioethanol (99.3% purity)
Fuel Bioethanol (96.9% purity, denatured)

BIOETHANOL BLEND
PNS/DOE QS 008:2006 for E-Gasoline
9.5 10 % fuel bioethanol
3.5% oxygen content, max.
BIODIESEL Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) or mono-alkyl esters
derived from vegetable oils or animal fats and other biomass-
derived oils that shall be technically proven and approved by the
DOE for use in diesel engines, with quality specifications in
accordance with the Philippine National Standards (PNS)

PNS 2020:2003/DOE:2003 - Coconut Methyl Ester (B100)

DPNS/DOE QS 002:2007 - Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (B100)
96.5% FAME
0.40% mass, min., Methyl Laurate (C12 ME)
JAMA / EN 14214 specs (oxidation stability, glycerides, group metals
density, methanol, water)

DPNS/DOE QS 010:2006 - Jatropha (on-going development)

BIODIESEL BLEND

PNS/DOE QS 004:2007 - FAME-blended diesel oils

0.7-1.2 % FAME
0.40% mass, min., Methyl Laurate (C12 ME)
 REAL ENGINE
PERFORMANCE
Energy distribution in a vehicle
 Engine Performance Parameters

Power output in a spark-ignition engine is varied

by throttling, since the strength of the
combustible mixture entering the cylinder is
usually fixed. Throttling, however, increases
pumping loss which in turn, causes a decrease
in power output.
In compression-ignition engines power output is
varied by varying the rate of fuel injection, or by
changing the mixture strength in the combustor.
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of the useful
work that is produced by the engine to the
energy input which is measured in terms of
the higher heat of combustion of the fuel
used. The value of thermal efficiency is
affected by a lot of factors that can be
classified into properties of charge entering
the engine, operating conditions, and the
design of the engine.
Specifically,
Strength of charge
Air temperature and pressure
Heat of combustion of fuel
Heat of vaporization of fuel
 Load
Speed
Spark timing
Compression ratio
Amount and temperature of cooling water
Design of combustor
Design of mechanical linkages
Number and position of the spark plugs

Emissions are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon

compounds, oxides of nitrogen, and particulates.
The following factors are found to affect the
level of emissions in engines:

Equivalence ratio
Spark timing
Manifold air pressure
Compression ratio
Engine speed
Charge dilution
 . .
Pi = Qcomb - Qlosses

Where

Pi = indicated power, kW
.
Qcom = heat released during combustion, kW
.
Qlosses = heat losses (cooling & exhaust, kW
 Pb = 2N

Where:

is the torque, in Newton meter (N.m)

N is the rotational speed, in second
Pb is the brake power, in watt.
 Efficiency Equations

Thermal Efficiency: Engine Efficiency:

Wb Wb
tb = ---------- b = ----------
Qin Wideal

Wi
Wi i = ----------
ti = ---------- Wideal
Qin
Mechanical Efficiency:
Wf = Wi Wb
Wb
m = ----------
Wi

Volumetric Efficiency:

Actual Volume
v = -------------------------------
Displacement Volume
 GAS TURBINE

A gas turbine, is a rotary engine that

extracts energy from a flow of
combustion gas. It has an upstream
compressor coupled to a downstream
turbine, and a combustion chamber in-
between. It is also called a combustion
turbine.
Gas turbines are described thermodynamically by
the Brayton cycle, in which air is compressed
isentropically, combustion occurs at constant
pressure, and expansion over the turbine occurs
isentropically back to the starting pressure.
When compressor and turbine
efficiencies are both 100%

qin = h3-h2= Cp(T3-T2)

qout= h4-h1= Cp(T4-T1)

wnet = Cp(T3-T2) - Cp(T4-T1)

th Brayton = wnet/qin

th = 1 - 1 rp = P2/P1
k-1/k
(rp)
When compressor and/or turbine
efficiency is less than 100%

c = Wideal/Wactual = (h2 - h1)s/(h2 - h1)

t = Wact/Wideal = (h3 h4)/(h3-h4)s
Wnet = Wt + Wc
th = Wnet/Qin