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t
Impulse J is a
force F acting for Impulse:
a small time = FF t
JJ = t
interval t.
Example 1: The face of a golf club
exerts an average force of 4000 N
for 0.002 s. What is the impulse
imparted to the ball?
Impulse: = FF t
JJ = t
F
J = (4000 N)(0.002 s)
t
JJ =
= 8.00
8.00 Ns
Ns
JJ FFavg
avg t
t
time, t
Example 2: Two flexible balls collide.
The ball B exerts an average force of
1200 N on ball A. How long were the
balls in contact if the impulse is 5 N
s? A B
J F t
avg
J -5 N s
t t
t =
= 0.00420
0.00420 ss
Favg -1200 N
The impulse is negative; the force on
ball A is to the left. Unless told
otherwise, treat forces as average
forces.
Impulse Changes Velocity
Consider a mallet hitting a
ball:
F
vvff vvoo
FF ma
ma;; aa
tt
v f v0
F m FFtt mv
mvff mv
mvoo
t
Impulse
Impulse =
= Change
Change in
in mv
mv
Momentum Defined
Momentum p is defined as the
product of mass and velocity, mv.
Units: kg m/s
= mv
pp = mv Momentum
pp =
= 16,000
16,000 kg
kg m/s
m/s
v = 16
m/s
Impulse and Momentum
Impulse = Change in momentum
FF tt =
= mv
mvff -- mv
mvoo
A force F acting on a
F mv ball for a time t
increases its
t momentum mv.
Example 3: A 50-g golf ball leaves
the face of the club at 20 m/s. If
the club is in contact for 0.002 s,
what average force acted on the
ball? Given: m = 0.05 kg; vo = 0;
+
t = 0.002 s; vf = 20 m/s
Choose right as
F mv
positive.
0
F t = mvf - mvo
t
F (0.002 s) = (0.05 kg)(20
m/s)
Average Force: FF =
= 500
500 N
N
Vector Nature of
Momentum
Consider the change in momentum of
a ball that is dropped onto a rigid
plate:
+ A 2-kg ball strikes the plate
vf
with a speed of 20 m/s and
vo rebounds with a speed of 15
m/s. What is the change in
momentum?
p = mvf - mvo = (2 kg)(15 m/s) - (2 kg)(-20
m/s)
p = 30 kg m/s + 40 kg pp =
= 70
70 kg
kg
m/s m/s
m/s
Directions Are Essential
1. Choose and label a positive direction.
v0 2. A velocity is positive
when with this direction
vf and negative when
+ against it. m/s
Assume v is 30
0
vf = +10 m/s to the left and vf is
v0= -30 m/s 10 m/s to the right.
What is the change
in velocity v?
vf v0 = (10 m/s) (-30 v 40 m/s
m/s)
Example 4: A 500-g baseball moves
to the left at 20 m/s striking a bat.
The bat is in contact with the ball for
0.002 s, and it leaves in the opposite
+
direction at 40 m/s. What was
m = 0.5
average force on ball?
kg F 40
- 20 m/s + m/s
t
F t = mvf - mvo vo = -20 m/s; vf = 40 m/s
F(0.002 s) = (0.5 kg)(40 m/s) - (0.5 kg)(-20
m/s)
Continued . . .
Example Continued:
+
m = 0.5 +
40
kg F
- 20 m/s m/s
t
F t = mvf - mvo
F(0.002 s) = (0.5 kg)(40 m/s) - (0.5 kg)(-20
m/s)
F(0.002 s) = (20 kg m/s) + (10 kg
m/s)
F(0.002 s) = 30 kg m/s FF =
= 15,000
15,000 NN
Impulse in Two
Dimensions
A baseball with an initial
+ vfy vf velocity vo hits a bat
+ vfx and leaves with vf at an
Fy F vo angle.
Horizontal and vertical
impulse are
Fx
independent.
+ vfy 50 m/s
vf FFxx=
= 15.8
15.8 kN
kN
+ 300 vfx Now apply to vertical:
Fy F vo 0
Fy t = mvfy - mvoy
Fx 20 m/s Fy(.002 s) = (0.5 kg)(25 m/s
FF =
= 17.0
17.0 kN,
kN,
FFyy=
= 6.25
6.25 kN
kN and
21.5
21.5 00
Summary of Formulas:
Impulse
Impulse Momentu
Momentu
JJ =
= FFavg t
avgt
m
m pp =
= mv
mv
Impulse
Impulse =
= Change
Change in
in momentum
momentum
FF tt =
= mv
mvff -- mv
mvoo